Endocrine System PDF

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM What is an Endocrine System? The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones. Endocrine system secretes chemicals into the bloodstream to send messages to different tissue or cells. This chemicals are known as hormones. The function of the endocrine system is the pro...

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM What is an Endocrine System? The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones. Endocrine system secretes chemicals into the bloodstream to send messages to different tissue or cells. This chemicals are known as hormones. The function of the endocrine system is the production and regulation of chemical substances called hormones. These hormones control body functions such as growth, development, and daily activities. Hormones… A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released in small amounts from glands, and is transported in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells. Hormones are chemical messengers, transferring information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Hormones turn on, turn off, speed up, or slow down the activities of different organs and tissues. Hormones are carried by the blood straight to the organs or tissues so that the they can regulate their activities. General Characteristics of Endocrine System 1. Made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones (communicates with cell using chemical called hormones) 2. Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual development 3. Responses to stress and injury 4. Along with the nervous system, the endocrine system controls the body’s functions 5. Their actions are precise, they only affect specific target cells. Let's take a look at some of the glands and the hormones they produce for you in the Endocrine System. The primary endocrine glands are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Pancreas Adrenal Gland Ovaries in the female and Testes in the male. 8. Thymus Hormones… Hormones regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function. Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of any hormone can be harmful to the body. Controlling the production of hormones can treat many hormonal disorders in the body. Hormones… The pituitary gland has 2 lobes… The endocrine system and nervous system work together to help maintain homeostasis… balance. The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells located in the brain, and is the primary link between the two systems. It produces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions of the pituitary gland. The pituitary is often called the “master gland” - it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. Pituitary Gland: Produces several hormones. It controls growth--also helps control blood pressure, and water balance. It is a small, pea sized gland located in your brain. It also sends signals to turn on other endocrine glands. Yo! Thyroid -start working! The Pituitary Gland The brain controls the activity of the pituitary gland. The Pituitary gland releases: ○ Growth hormone (GH) stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce speeds the rate at which cells use carbohydrates and fats. ○ Prolactin (PRL) Stimulates milk production following birth ○ Thyriod Simulating Hormone (TSH) Controls secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland The Pituitary Gland ○ Folicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates the gonads in females and males ○ Lutinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates the gonads in females and males ○ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Causes the kidneys to retain water Regulates fluid levels in the body ○ Oxytocin Contracts the muscles of the uterus (esp in childbirth Promotes the milk let-down response Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight Melatonin: communicates information about environmental lighting to various parts of the body. Has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and other biological events connected to them, such as a lower production of gastric secretions at night. Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism. Secretions of the Thyroid gland… The thyroid gland plays a vital role in metabolism and regulates the body’s metabolic processes. Calcitonin: influences bone and calcium metabolism; maintains a homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma Thyroid gland: controls the release of energy from food molecules in your body cells. Thyroid disorders: Hypothyroidism--not enough of the thyroid hormone will make someone very tired, unable to gain weight normally. Hyperthyroidism--too much of the hormone--can make someone, sweaty shaky, irritable. Secretions of the thyroid gland… Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3): essential to BMR – basal metabolic rate (the rate at which a person’s body burns calories while at rest); influences physical/mental development and growth Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease, goiter, Basedow’s disease Secretions of the Parathyroid gland… The two pairs of parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal or back side of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid (PTH) which plays a role in the metabolism of phosphorus. Too little results in cramping; too much results in osteoporosis or kidney stones. Pancreas The pancreas is a large gland behind your stomach that helps the body to maintain healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels. Contains islands of cells called the Islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon and insulin Glucagon – stimulates the liver to break down glycogen, raises blood sugar concentration Insulin – decreases blood sugar concentrations, affects the uptake of glucose by cells *Both hormones work together to maintain a balance in the blood sugar The islets of Langerhans… The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of cells located in the pancreas. Secretions from the islets of Beta cells secrete the Langerhans… Alpha cells facilitate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This elevates the blood sugar. Delta cells suppress the release of glucagon and insulin. hormone insulin, which is essential for the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. Inadequate levels result in diabetes mellitus. The adrenal glands… The triangular-shaped adrenal glands are located on the top of each kidney. The inside is called the medulla and the outside layer is called the cortex. Adrenal glands--makes adrenaline so the body can respond to emergency situations. Sometimes known as the fight or flight response. Prepares your body to fight or run by suddenly increasing heart rate, breathing, and energy in your system. The Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands produce: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine ○ Used at times of stress for “fight or flight” response ○ Opposite effects Aldosterone ○ Causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions, thus water, and excrete potassium ions ○ Secreted in response to decreasing blood volume and pressure Cortisol ○ Increases the metabolism (burning) of glucose, protein and fat ○ Produced in response to conditions that stress, injury or disease Adrenal Sex Hormones ○ Primarily male hormones but can be converted into female hormones in the skin, liver, and adipose (fat) tissues ○ Supplement the hormones released by the gonads ○ May stimulate early development of reproductive organs. Secretions from the adrenal cortex… Cortisol: regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; has an anti-inflammatory effect; helps the body cope during times of stress Hyposecretion results in Addison’s disease; hypersecretion results in Cushing’s disease Corticosterone: like cortisol, it is a steroid; influences potassium and sodium metabolism Secretions from the adrenal Aldosterone: essential in regulating cortex… electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion. Androgens: several hormones including testosterone; they promote the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male. Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone – a mineralocorticoid, helps kidneys conserve sodium and excrete potassium, maintaining blood pressure Cortisol – glucocorticoid, keeps blood glucose levels stable Adrenal Sex Hormones - androgens (male) and estrogens (female) Secretions from the adrenal medulla… Dopamine is used to treat shock. It dilates the arteries, elevates systolic blood pressure, increases cardiac output, and increases urinary output. Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine & Norepinephrine – increased heart rate, breathing rate, elevated blood pressure (fight or flight, response to stress) People with severe life threatening allergies often carry injectors Secretions from the adrenal medulla… Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose from the liver… giving a spurt of energy, dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often used to counteract an allergic reaction. Adrenaline causes your heart rate to increase, makes you breathe faster, and releases sugar that powers your muscles. That's one of your endocrine glands releasing adrenaline hormone into your bloodstream... Secretions from the adrenal medulla… Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when the body is under stress. It creates the underlying influence in the fight or flight response. As a drug, however, it actually triggers a drop in heart rate. Secretions of the ovaries… The ovaries produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone. These hormones prepare the uterus for pregnancy, promote the development of mammary glands, and develop secondary sex characteristics in the female. Estrogen is essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs. Ovaries--release female sex hormones triggering changes in a teenage female body and the development of eggs. Some women can develop painful cysts (abnormal growths) on their ovaries. Secretions of the testes… The testes produce the male sex hormone called testosterone. It is essential for normal growth and development of the male sex organs. Testes--release the hormone testosterone that control body changes in teenage boys and in sperm production. Secretions of the placenta… During pregnancy, the placenta serves as an endocrine gland. It produces chorionic gonadotropin hormone, estrogen, and progesterone. Secretions of the gastrointestinal mucosa… The mucosa of the pyloric area of the stomach secretes the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the production of gastric acid for digestion. Secretions of the gastrointestinal mucosa… The mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum secretes the hormone secretin, which stimulates pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal secretion. Secretions of the thymus… The thymus gland has two lobes, and is part of the lymphatic system. It is a ductless gland, and secretes thymosin. This is necessary for the Thymus’ normal production of T cells for the immune system. The Thymus The thymus produces thymosins. Affects production and differentiation of T-cells (lymphocytes) SUMMARY….. GLAND FUNCTIONS Adrenal glands Located on the tops of the kidneys, these glands produce steroid hormones such as corticosterone, which helps regulate the body's stress response and maintain homeostasis. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland is a small bean-shaped gland at the base of the brain. It controls the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testicles by secreting hormones that signal those glands to also produce hormones. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a small gland in the brain located near the pituitary gland. It collects information from virtually all other areas of the central nervous system, and in response it releases hormones that tell the pituitary gland which hormones to send out to other glands. Thyroid gland The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. It controls the metabolic activity of all cells. Parathyroid glands These four small glands are located behind the thyroid, like spots on a butterfly's wings. They monitor and regulate calcium levels. SUMMARY….. GLAND FUNCTIONS Pancreas The pancreas is a long, flat organ that sits just behind the stomach. It produces insulin, which allows muscles and tissues to absorb sugar in the bloodstream, and glucagon, which releases sugars from fat to raise blood sugar levels. The pancreas also secretes digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice. Ovaries Human females are typically born with two ovaries — female gonads that stem from the uterus. They are the primary female reproductive organs, producing reproductive hormones called estrogen and progesterone, and some lesser hormones called relaxin and inhibin. Testes Testes, or testicles, are the male reproductive organs, which are contained in sacs of skin called the scrotum. They produce hormones called androgens, which control the male reproductive system. The most well-known androgen is testosterone. In other words, they keep your body in balance-- not too tall, not too short, not too tired, moody etc. Short and grumpy ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES Endocrine system diseases or disorders occur as a result of hormone imbalance or when the body does not respond to hormones as it should. Stress, illness, infection or changes in blood composition can all influence hormone levels and in turn cause endocrine disorders, Problems with the Thyroid GOITER. Iodine is only found in seafood, so if salt wasn’t iodized, a lot of people wouldn’t get enough iodine, and there would be a lot of goiters. The most common cause of a goiter worldwide is a lack of iodine in the diet. In the United States, where iodized salt is readily available, goiters may be a result of the over- or underproduction of the thyroid hormone or the presence of nodules in the thyroid itself. Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is a common condition where the thyroid doesn't create and release enough thyroid hormone into your bloodstream. This makes your metabolism slow down. Also called underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism can make you feel tired, gain weight and be unable to tolerate cold temperatures Hypothyroidism Before and After Treatment (Grave’s Disease) Hyperthyroidism, also called overactive thyroid, is a condition where your thyroid makes and releases high levels of thyroid hormone. This condition can make your metabolism speed up. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include a rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite and anxiety. (Basedow’s Disease Basedow's disease occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, known as hyperthyroidis m. Hashimoto’s disease Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid. Rarely, the disease can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. In people with Hashimoto’s disease the immune system makes antibodies that attack the thyroid gland large numbers of white blood cells, which are part of the immune system, build up in the thyroid the thyroid becomes damaged and can’t make enough thyroid hormones Myxedema is another term for severely advanced hypothyroidism. It's a condition that occurs when your body doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. Cretinism (hypothyroidism in infants) Congenital hypothyroidism, previously known as cretinism, is a severe deficiency of thyroid hormone in newborns. It causes impaired neurological function, stunted growth, and physical deformities Parathyroid Gland Diseases Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of your parathyroid glands become overactive and release (secrete) too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This causes the levels of calcium in your blood to rise, a condition known as hypercalcemia. Parathyroid Gland Diseases Hypoparathyroidism is an uncommon condition in which your body produces abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is key to regulating and maintaining a balance of two minerals in your body — calcium and phosphorus. Parathyroid Gland Diseases Parathyroid cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of a parathyroid gland. Having certain inherited disorders can increase the risk of developing parathyroid cancer. Signs and symptoms of parathyroid cancer include weakness, feeling tired, and a lump in the neck. Pancreas Diseases Acute pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed (swollen) over a short period of time. The pancreas is a small organ, located behind the stomach, that helps with digestion. Most people with acute pancreatitis start to feel better within about a week and have no further problems. Pancreas Diseases Chronic pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that does not heal or improve—it gets worse over time and leads to permanent damage. Chronic pancreatitis eventually impairs a patient's ability to digest food and make pancreatic hormones. Adrenal Gland Disorders Cushing’s syndrome o hypersecretion of cortisol o Round “moon” face and “buffalo hump” Cushing's disease is a serious condition of an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is a hormone produced by the normal pituitary gland. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands (located on top of the kidneys) to produce cortisol, commonly referred to as the stress hormone. Addison’s disease o Hyposecretion of cortisol o Low blood pressure results o Increased pigmentation Addison's disease, also called adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon disorder that occurs when your body doesn't produce enough of certain hormones. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands, located just above your kidneys, produce too little cortisol and, often, too little aldosterone Diabetes insipidus is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of fluids in the body. This imbalance leads you to produce large amounts of urine. It also makes you very thirsty even if you have something to drink. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. Urination and thirst are increased, and people may lose weight even if they are not trying to. Endocrine System Directions: Don't be a baby. Keep on growing. THE END (ocrine) THE END ENDOCRINE SYSTEM