Unorganized Drugs Classification
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Questions and Answers

What color indicates adulteration with lead acetate in the gum tests?

  • White ppt (correct)
  • Olive green
  • Bluish turquoise
  • Black ppt

What is a significant characteristic of gum acacia?

  • Forms a red color with I2
  • Is soluble at all concentrations
  • Contains no polysaccharides
  • Forms gel with water even in very low concentration (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a use of gum acacia?

  • Tablet binder
  • Promoting weight loss
  • Suspending agent
  • Adverse reaction to drugs (correct)

What adverse effect is associated with the use of gum acacia?

<p>Esophageal obstruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars are released upon hydrolysis of gum acacia?

<p>Galactose and mannose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum percentage of morphine found in opium?

<p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should NOT happen when incisions are made on the capsules?

<p>The incision should penetrate the endocarp. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the exuded milky latex after it is collected?

<p>It rapidly coagulates and turns brown. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloids are derived from Papaver somniferum?

<p>Morphine and Codeine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are endogenous opioid peptides?

<p>Natural peptides discovered in the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an opiate?

<p>Fentanyl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of scraping and drying the latex collected from capsules?

<p>To manipulate it into various shapes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination that alkaloids form with meconic acid?

<p>Phenanthrene group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gums primarily classified as?

<p>Hydrocolloids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance classified as a gum?

<p>Gum Tragacanth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the formation of gums in plants?

<p>Gummosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties do gums exhibit in water?

<p>They form a viscous colloidal solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of applications can gums be utilized for?

<p>As film coating agents and stabilizers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which plant is the air-dried gummy exudate mentioned derived?

<p>Acacia senegal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the polysaccharides that make up gums?

<p>They produce a mixture of sugars other than glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of gums?

<p>Nutritive agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of physical character is exemplified by Opium?

<p>Latex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a gum?

<p>Gum Tragacanth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of agaropectin?

<p>It affects the viscosity of the solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical test produces a white precipitate when BaCl2 is added to the filtrate of agar-agar?

<p>Barium chloride test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification does Myrrh belong to?

<p>Oleo-gum-resin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following uses is agar-agar NOT utilized?

<p>As a plasma substitute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a saccharin derivative?

<p>Agar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gelatin is true?

<p>It is produced from collagenous by-products. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of extract is Agar classified as?

<p>Extract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when powdered gelatin is mixed with soda lime?

<p>It yields an ammonia odor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'oleo-gum-resin' refer to?

<p>A combination of oils, gums, and resins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of Opium?

<p>Unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gelatin function in pharmacy?

<p>It acts as a hardening agent in capsules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a balsam?

<p>Benzoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the result when mineral acids are added to a gelatin solution for adulteration testing?

<p>It should yield no precipitate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of gelatin as a nutrient?

<p>It is considered an incomplete nutrient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of physical character does Aloes represent?

<p>Juice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Guar gum classified as?

<p>Gum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Aloe juice primarily obtained from?

<p>Leaves of Aloe species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is notably present in Aloe juice?

<p>Barbaloin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concentrated juice of Aloe prepared?

<p>By boiling for evaporation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Bornträger test in relation to Aloe juice?

<p>To determine the presence of aglycones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used in the Modified Bornträger test for Aloe juice?

<p>Oxidative hydrolysis using FeCl3/HCl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of classification does Aloe juice fall under based on its physical characteristics?

<p>Juice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key processes involved in obtaining juices like Aloe?

<p>Evaporation of water contents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of juice in the classification?

<p>Gum Acacia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Latex

A category of natural substances derived from the milky sap of plants, often used in traditional medicine.

Extracts

A substance extracted from plants, often used in food and pharmaceuticals.

Gums

A type of plant exudate that is thick and sticky, often used as a binder or stabilizer.

Resin

A natural substance collected from plants, sometimes used in perfumes, incense, and medicine.

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Oleo-gum-resin

A combination of resin and gum, often with volatile oils.

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Balsams

A type of resinous substance often used in medicines and perfumes.

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Opium

A substance produced by the opium poppy plant, collected from its unripe seed pods.

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Air-dried Latex

The process of drying the milky sap of the opium poppy plant to obtain opium.

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Dried Latex

A dried, milky substance obtained by making incisions on the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy plant.

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Latex

A substance obtained by extracting the milky sap of the opium poppy plant.

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Plant Gums

Natural substances produced by plants as a protective response to injury or stress.

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Gummosis

Gum production in plants involves the breakdown of cell walls by specialized enzymes.

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Hydrocolloids

Long chains of sugar molecules that form a gel-like substance in water.

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Heterogenous Polysaccharides

Complex plant compounds formed from sugars and acidic molecules.

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Pharmaceutical Uses of Gums

Gums are used in various pharmaceutical formulations for their ability to thicken, stabilize, and bind ingredients.

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Gum Properties

Gums are insoluble in most solvents but form gels or viscous liquids in water.

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Gum Acacia

A natural gum extracted from the Acacia senegal tree, widely used in pharmaceuticals.

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Applications of Gums in Formulations

Gums serve as film-coating agents, nanoparticles, and viscosity enhancers for pharmaceutical preparations.

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Iodine Test for Gum Acacia Adulteration

A test for adulteration in gum acacia, where starch, dextrin, and agar are present, results in no blue or reddish color upon reaction with iodine (I2).

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Lead Acetate Test for Gum Acacia

Used to detect the presence of lead in gum acacia. A white precipitate forms if lead is present.

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Oxidase Enzyme Test for Gum Acacia

A test for the presence of an oxidase enzyme in gum acacia, indicated by a bluish turquoise color.

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Guar Gum

A water-soluble galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from the endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus seeds.

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Uses of Guar Gum

Common uses of guar gum include binding tablets, suspending particles in liquids, managing blood glucose levels, acting as a mild laxative, and promoting weight loss by inducing a sense of fullness.

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What is Agaropectin?

A component of agar that doesn't form gels but contributes to the solution's viscosity. It's composed of uronic acid and is partially esterified with sulfuric acid.

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What color does agar powder turn with iodine?

A reddish-purple color produced when agar powder is mixed with an iodine solution.

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What happens when BaCl2 is added to a solution of agar?

A white precipitate forms when barium chloride (BaCl2) is added to a solution of agar after boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid.

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What is Gelatin?

A soluble protein produced by partially hydrolyzing insoluble collagen. This process typically involves using byproducts from the meat industry, such as skin, bones, and tendons.

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What is the protein in Gelatin called?

A protein called glutin, containing 19 amino acids, but with limited amounts of essential amino acids. Therefore, gelatin is considered an incomplete protein source.

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What happens when you add soda lime to gelatin?

Adding soda lime to gelatin powder produces an ammonia-like odor.

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What happens when tannic acid is added to gelatin solution?

A white precipitate forms when tannic acid is added to a solution of gelatin.

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How do you test for adulteration in gelatin?

A test for adulteration in gelatin. It involves adding mineral acids to a gelatin solution and observing whether a precipitate forms. The presence of chondrin, a gelatin adulterant, would cause a precipitate to form.

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What is opium?

A mixture of alkaloids derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). It has a specific composition, containing no less than 10% morphine and 2% codeine.

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What is an Opiate?

Any naturally occurring narcotic alkaloid found in the opium poppy plant. Examples include morphine and codeine.

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What is an Opioid?

Any natural or synthetic compound that exhibits morphine-like actions. This includes substances that mimic the effects of morphine, whether derived from natural sources or synthesized in the lab.

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What are Endogenous Opioid Peptides?

These are naturally occurring peptides found in the brain, and they have opioid-like effects (meaning they mimic morphine). Examples include enkephalins and endorphins.

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How is Opium harvested?

The process of obtaining opium involves making incisions on the unripe poppy capsules using special knives. This is usually done in the afternoon.

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What happens after incising the poppy capsules?

After the incisions are made, a milky latex is released from the capsules and it rapidly coagulates and turns brown.

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What happens to the collected latex after it's dried?

The next morning, the dried latex is collected and manipulated into various shapes, often surrounded by poppy leaves.

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What does the term "Alkaloids combined with meconic acid " refer to?

This refers to the combination of alkaloids present in opium with meconic acid.

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What are plant juices?

A fluid plant sap composed of aqueous liquid with dissolved substances, usually found in cells or cavities.

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What is Aloe?

The concentrated and dried juice from the leaves of various Aloe species, containing a significant amount of hydroxyanthracene derivatives.

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How is Aloe juice prepared?

Aloe juice is obtained by cutting the leaf transversely and boiling the collected juice for concentration.

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What test identifies Aloe?

Aloe has a specific chemical test called the Bornträger test.

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What does the Bornträger test use?

The Bornträger test uses aglycones to produce a rose-red color in the presence of Aloe.

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How else can we confirm Aloe?

Another test uses oxidative hydrolysis with FeCl3/HCl to yield free aglycones, further confirming the presence of Aloe.

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What is the result of the modified Bornträger test?

The free aglycones are produced after the oxidative hydrolysis, confirming the presence of Aloe.

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How does the modified Bornträger test work?

The modified Bornträger test helps confirm the presence of Aloe through the production of free aglycones.

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Study Notes

Unorganized Drugs

  • Classified according to physical characteristics
  • Includes: Latex, Extracts, Juice, Resin, and Gums

Latex

  • Example: Opium
  • Obtained by incision from unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L.
  • Contains at least 10% morphine and 2% codeine

Extracts

  • Examples: Agar, Gelatin, Aloes
  • Various substances extracted from different sources

Juice

  • Example: Aloes
  • Concentrated, dried juice from Aloe species leaves
  • Contains at least 28% hydroxyanthracene derivatives (barbaloin)

Resin

  • Example: Colophony
  • Oleo-gum-resin (e.g., Myrrh, Olibanum, Guggul, Asafoetida)

Gums

  • Examples: Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum
  • Hydrocolloids (either anionic or nonionic polysaccharides)
  • Produced by plants under abnormal growth conditions
  • Insoluble in most organic solvents

Opium

  • Mixture of alkaloids derived from Papaver somniferum
  • Includes morphine and codeine
  • Collection and preparation involves incision of green poppy capsules in the afternoon, avoiding endocarp penetration.
  • Exuded latex coagulates and turns brown

Alkaloids

  • Combined with meconic acid
  • Includes the Phenanthrene group (e.g., morphine, codeine)
  • Benzyl isoquinoline group (e.g., papaverine)
  • Phenyl alkyl amines (e.g., narceine)
  • Morphine: effective pain killer (cancer), antiperistaltic (constipation), and respiratory depressant.
  • Heroin is illegal and highly addictive, a morphine substitute with faster brain effects but highly addictive.

Extracts - Agar-Agar

  • Also known as Japanese Isinglass
  • Polysaccharides from Rhodophyceae (red algae) species like Gelidium
  • Prepared by bleaching, boiling, concentrating and drying
  • Contains constituents such as agarose and agaropectin

Extracts - Gelatin

  • Soluble protein from collagenous by-products (e.g., skin, bones, tendons)
  • Partial hydrolysis of insoluble collagen
  • Useful in pharmacy (suppositories, tablets, capsules, suspending and stabilizing agents), bacteriological culture medium, and microencapsulation
  • Must not contain chondrin

Tests for Identity

  • Tests for meconic acid involve adding ferric chloride to filtrate from 1 gram of powdered drug in 5 mL water/ 5 minutes, a red color will not disappear with acidic conditions
  • Test for Morphine includes Evaporating 1 mL filtrate, adding formaldehyde and H2SO4, and a crimson red color appears.

Chemical Tests - Agar Agar

  • Powder turns crimson red with N/50 Iodine, boiled with HCl filtrate with BaCl2 will yield a white precipitate.

Uses - Gums/Guar Gum

  • Tablet binder, suspending agent, managing blood glucose, and laxative
  • Also, a wound healing and cough/cold medicine
  • May cause adverse reactions like flatulence, affecting absorption of other medications and esophageal obstruction

Juices

  • Fluid plant saps with dissolved substances
  • Collected and dried by evaporation
  • Includes Aloes (Aloe species Liliaceae)

Juices - Aloes

  • Concentrated, dried juice from Aloe species leaves
  • Contains hydroxy-anthracene derivatives such as barbaloin (at least 28%)

Juices - Aloes - Chemical Tests - Bornträger and Modified Bornträger)

  • Bornträger test shows aglycones producing a rose-red color
  • Modified Bornträger test using FeCl3/HCl hydrolysis yields free aglycones

Juices - Aloes - Uses

  • Stimulant laxative, carminative, antiseptic, antibacterial, treatment for burns, respiratory disorders.

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Lecture 2 Unorganised Drugs - PUA PDF

Description

Explore the classification of unorganized drugs based on their physical characteristics including latex, extracts, juice, resin, and gums. Delve into examples such as opium, aloe, and myrrh to understand their properties and sources. This quiz will deepen your understanding of these unique substances derived from plants.

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