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Questions and Answers
How are crude drugs defined regarding changes to their chemical composition?
How are crude drugs defined regarding changes to their chemical composition?
- Substances that have been chemically synthesized for direct use as drugs.
- Substances that are chemically altered to remove any toxic components before being used as a drug.
- Substances that have undergone complete chemical transformation to enhance their potency.
- Substances that have not been changed or modified in their chemical composition, used directly or indirectly as a drug. (correct)
What are the two primary categories into which crude drugs of natural origin are divided?
What are the two primary categories into which crude drugs of natural origin are divided?
- Processed and unprocessed crude drugs
- Organized and unorganized crude drugs (correct)
- Inorganic and synthetic crude drugs
- Synthetic and organic crude drugs
Which characteristic defines organized crude drugs?
Which characteristic defines organized crude drugs?
- Requiring extensive microscopical studies for identification
- Exclusively derived from animal sources
- Presence of cellular organization and anatomical features (correct)
- Lack of distinct morphological or anatomical features
If you were examining a sample of bark under a microscope, which type of crude drug would it most likely be classified as?
If you were examining a sample of bark under a microscope, which type of crude drug would it most likely be classified as?
What is a key feature of unorganized crude drugs that differentiates them from organized drugs?
What is a key feature of unorganized crude drugs that differentiates them from organized drugs?
Which of the following is an example of an unorganized crude drug?
Which of the following is an example of an unorganized crude drug?
What are the three key characteristics a system of classification of drugs should possess?
What are the three key characteristics a system of classification of drugs should possess?
In the context of studying individual drugs, what is essential to adopt for effective understanding?
In the context of studying individual drugs, what is essential to adopt for effective understanding?
What is the fundamental principle behind alphabetical classification of crude drugs?
What is the fundamental principle behind alphabetical classification of crude drugs?
Which characteristic makes alphabetical classification suitable for disconnected items?
Which characteristic makes alphabetical classification suitable for disconnected items?
What is the basis for classifying crude drugs in taxonomical classification?
What is the basis for classifying crude drugs in taxonomical classification?
If you are classifying a crude drug based on its family and genus, which classification method are you using?
If you are classifying a crude drug based on its family and genus, which classification method are you using?
What is the organizing principle in morphological classification of drugs?
What is the organizing principle in morphological classification of drugs?
When classifying drugs based on whether they are leaves, roots, or stems, which classification method is being used?
When classifying drugs based on whether they are leaves, roots, or stems, which classification method is being used?
How are drugs organized in pharmacological classification?
How are drugs organized in pharmacological classification?
If you are grouping drugs together because they all act as diuretics, which classification method are you employing?
If you are grouping drugs together because they all act as diuretics, which classification method are you employing?
What is the primary criterion for classifying crude drugs in chemical classification?
What is the primary criterion for classifying crude drugs in chemical classification?
If several plants are grouped together because they all contain alkaloids, which classification method is being applied?
If several plants are grouped together because they all contain alkaloids, which classification method is being applied?
In chemotaxonomical classification, what serves as the basis for classifying plants together?
In chemotaxonomical classification, what serves as the basis for classifying plants together?
What does chemotaxonomy rely on to establish relationships between different plants?
What does chemotaxonomy rely on to establish relationships between different plants?
According to commercial classification, what is the primary basis for classifying medicinal plants?
According to commercial classification, what is the primary basis for classifying medicinal plants?
Under commercial classification, what category would plants sold for treating diseases fall into?
Under commercial classification, what category would plants sold for treating diseases fall into?
In commercial classification, what is the primary distinction of 'aromatic plants'?
In commercial classification, what is the primary distinction of 'aromatic plants'?
Based on the provided text, what is the commercial application of insecticide plants?
Based on the provided text, what is the commercial application of insecticide plants?
What is a practical example of morphological classification in the context of natural products?
What is a practical example of morphological classification in the context of natural products?
Which of the following is an example of how the property of being 'anti-cancer' would be used in drug classification?
Which of the following is an example of how the property of being 'anti-cancer' would be used in drug classification?
Which of the following features would be most important when classifying a plant using taxonomical classification?
Which of the following features would be most important when classifying a plant using taxonomical classification?
Why is it important for a system classifying natural products to be free of ambiguities?
Why is it important for a system classifying natural products to be free of ambiguities?
If a new drug is found to contain a novel saponin structure, which classification method would best categorize it initially?
If a new drug is found to contain a novel saponin structure, which classification method would best categorize it initially?
If a researcher wants to study if certain metabolic products are closely related between species, which classification method is most relevant?
If a researcher wants to study if certain metabolic products are closely related between species, which classification method is most relevant?
If two plants are grouped because the both produce morphine, but have very different physical characteristics, what type of classification would allow this?
If two plants are grouped because the both produce morphine, but have very different physical characteristics, what type of classification would allow this?
Which of the following properties would make plant extracts useful as 'Aromatic Plants' in the commercial classification system?
Which of the following properties would make plant extracts useful as 'Aromatic Plants' in the commercial classification system?
Which of the following plants are most helpful in flavoring, perfumes, and cosmetics?
Which of the following plants are most helpful in flavoring, perfumes, and cosmetics?
When classifying plants commercially, what makes them useful in creating beverages?
When classifying plants commercially, what makes them useful in creating beverages?
How do 'organized crude drugs' differ significantly from 'unorganized crude drugs'?
How do 'organized crude drugs' differ significantly from 'unorganized crude drugs'?
If you need to arrange a series of natural products in a logical order using the simplest classification system, which would you choose?
If you need to arrange a series of natural products in a logical order using the simplest classification system, which would you choose?
If a series of plants are found to have analgesic properties, but come from separate genera or species, hoe would we most easily categorize them?
If a series of plants are found to have analgesic properties, but come from separate genera or species, hoe would we most easily categorize them?
What is the primary use of classifying an 'Insecticide Plant' via commercial guidelines?
What is the primary use of classifying an 'Insecticide Plant' via commercial guidelines?
Flashcards
What are Crude drugs?
What are Crude drugs?
Substances used directly or indirectly as a drug, unchanged or unmodified in chemical composition.
What are organized crude drugs?
What are organized crude drugs?
Crude drugs with cellular organization, like plant parts.
What are unorganized crude drugs?
What are unorganized crude drugs?
Crude drugs lacking cellular organization; plant, animal, or mineral products.
What is drug classification?
What is drug classification?
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What is alphabetical classification?
What is alphabetical classification?
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What is taxonomic classification?
What is taxonomic classification?
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What is morphological classification?
What is morphological classification?
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What is pharmacological classification?
What is pharmacological classification?
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What is chemical classification?
What is chemical classification?
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What is chemotaxonomical classification?
What is chemotaxonomical classification?
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What are medicinal plants?
What are medicinal plants?
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What are condiments/spices?
What are condiments/spices?
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What are aromatic plants?
What are aromatic plants?
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What are insecticide plants?
What are insecticide plants?
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What are beverage plants?
What are beverage plants?
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Study Notes
- Crude drugs are substances used directly or indirectly as drugs
- Crude drugs are not changed or modified in their chemical composition
Categories of Crude Drugs
- Crude drugs of natural origin are divided into two main categories
- These categories are organized crude drugs and unorganized crude drugs
Organized Drugs
- Organized drugs have cellular organization with anatomical features
- Organized drugs are mostly crude drugs from plant sources
- Morphological plant parts or entire plants are examples of organized drugs
- Examples include leaves, seeds, bark, and flowers
Unorganized Drugs
- Unorganized drugs lack morphological or anatomical organization
- Unorganized drugs are products that come directly to market from plants, animals, or minerals, however they do not require microscopical studies
- Examples include plant exudates like gums, oleogums, oleogumresins, plant lattices like opium, aloetic juices like aloes or dried extracts of agar, essential oils, fixed oils, fats, and waxes
Classification of Crude Drugs
- Studying individual drugs requires a specific arrangement sequence, termed a system of classification
- A classification method needs to be simple, easy to use, and free from confusion and ambiguities
Types of Drug Classification
- Alphabetical
- Morphological
- Taxonomical
- Pharmacological
- Chemical
- Chemo taxonomical
- Sero-taxonomical
Alphabetical Classification
- Alphabetical classification is the simplest method of classifying disconnected items
- Crude drugs are arranged alphabetically by their Latin and English names
- Some pharmacopoeias, dictionaries, and reference books use this system
- Examples include British Pharmacopoeia, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, National Formulary, British Pharmaceutical Codex, and European Pharmacopoeia
Taxonomical Classification
- Crude drugs are classified according to:
- Kingdom
- Subkingdom
- Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Morphological Classification
- Drugs are organized by morphological or external characteristics of plant or animal parts
- Classification is based on the plant part used (leaves, roots, stem, etc.)
- It applies to both organized and unorganized drugs
Pharmacological Classification
- Drugs are grouped based on their pharmacological or therapeutic effects
- For example:
- Cardiotonics like Digitalis and red squill treats heart failure
- Laxatives like Senna, Castor oil, and Aloe relieve constipation
- Sedatives or narcotics such as Papaver and Datura induce calming or sleep
- Carminatives like Peppermint, Spearmint and Anise relieve flatulence
- Antirheumatics such as Salix and black mustard alleviate symptoms of rheumatism
- Nutrients like Citrus, Allium and Garlic provide essential dietary elements
- Anti cancer drugs like Vincristine and vinblastin are derived from(Vinca rosea)
- CNS stimulants such as caffeine and theophyllin are derived from tea, coffee and cacao.
- Narcotic analgesics suchas morphine are derived from Opium
- Anticholinergics like Atropine and Hyoscine are derived from Datura and Belladonna.
- Cholinergics like Pilocarpine and muscarine stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Adrenergics: Ephedrine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.
- Antiarrhythmics suchas Quinidine are derived from Cinchona
- Antihypertensives :Reserpine lowers blood pressure
- Diuretics: Xanthin derivatives( from tea and coffee) increase urine production
- Hypolipedimics :Garlic lowers lipid levels
- Astringents:Tannins(gall or pomegranate) constrict tissues
- Antiseptics such as Eucalyptus oil, Thyme oil, and Eugenol prevent infection
- Antiinfectives such as Antibiotics from moulds and Streptomyces, Antimalarials (quinine from Cinchona), Amoebicides(Emetine from Ipecac), Antihelmentics (Santonin from Achillia) combate infections
Chemical Classification
- Crude drugs are classified by active constituents or basic structure
- Plants contain various constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannin, carbohydrates, and saponins
- Morphological or taxonomical characteristics aren't considered; plants grouped irrespective of these
Chemical constituents and Examples of their use.
- Alkaloids: Cinchona, Datura, Vinca, Ipecac, Nux vomica
- Glycosides: Senna, Aloa, Ginsing, Digitalis
- Carbohydrates: Acacia, Tragacanth, Starch
- Volatile Oils: Clove, Fennel, Cinnamon, Cumin
- Resin and Resin Combinations: Benzoin, Tolu Balsam, Balsam of Peru
- Tannins: Catechu, Tea
- Enzymes: Caisin, Trypsin
- Lipids: Beeswax, Cocoa butter, Lanolin
Chemotaxonomical Classification
- Classification relies on the chemical similarity of a taxon
- Classification is based on the relationship between constituents in various plants
- Tropane alkaloids in Solanaceae serve as a chemotaxonomic marker
Commercial Classification of Plants
- A system in which medicinal plants are classified based on commercial use
- Medicinal Plants are sold for treating diseases
- Condiments: White and black mustard; Spices: black pepper; Flavoring agents: cardamon; Coloring agents: Crocus (crocin)
- Aromatic Plants contain volatile oils; employed as flavoring agents for food, in perfumes, and cosmetic creams
- Insecticide Plants kill insects like prythrum; killing rodents like red squill; killing fungi like henna
- Beverages come from medicinal plants like tea, coffee, cacao, and cola
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