Unit 8: Inventions and Discoveries Vocabulary

Study Notes

VOCABULARY:
- "I got eaten alive" = severely bitten by mosquitoes
- "brutal" = very bad, horrible
- "nightmare" = very bad experience
- "tons of mosquitoes" = a large number of mosquitoes
- "have to bite the bullet" = to accept something unpleasant
- "don't like to do it, but you have to do it" = reluctant acceptance
- "I'm packing" = take something
- "itching" = the feeling of having to scratch
- "insect repellent" = something that keeps insects away
- "mosquito bites" = mosquito stings
- "mosquito nets" = nets to protect from mosquitoes
Describing Manufactured Products:
- Products are often made in large numbers in factories.
Uses of New Technology:
- High-tech products offer high quality, innovative ideas, and are revolutionary.
- High-tech products are top-of-the-line, state-of-the-art, and cutting-edge equipment.
- Examples: High-technology computers, top-of-the-line technologies
High-Tech vs. Low-Tech:
- Unique: one of a kind
- Low-tech: does not use modern technology
- High-tech: uses modern technology
- Efficient: avoids wasting time, money, or energy
- Inefficient: wastes time, money, or energy
- Wacky: silly or unusual

Zero Conditional:
- Used for general truths and natural phenomena
- Form: If/when + simple present, simple present
- Example: If you heat water, it boils.
First Conditional:
- Used for expressing possible future events and plans/promises/warnings
- Form: If + simple present, will/may/can/should + base form
- Example: If the bus arrives late again, I will take the taxi.
Second Conditional:
- Used for hypothetical situations in the present or future
- Form: If + simple past, would/could/might + base form
- Example: If I were you, I'd read this book.
Third Conditional:
- Used for impossible past situations or expressing regret
- Form: If + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle
- Example: If you had gone to the sports club, you would have seen Ali.

Government: The group of people who govern a country or state.
Politics: The art or science of governing
Constitution: Basic laws and principles governing a country.
Election: A process of choosing political representatives
Vote: Choosing a candidate in an election
Campaign: Series of actions aimed at winning an election
Democracy: A system of government in which citizens vote to elect officials
Monarchy: A system of government ruled by a king or queen.
Dictatorship: A government controlled by a single ruler with complete power
Constitutional Monarchy: A monarchy with limited power, defined by a constitution

Opinionated: Having or expressing strong opinions.
Continuum of political and social beliefs: A range of views on political and social matters.
Radical: Complete political social change
Liberal: Supporting changes and respecting others beliefs.
Moderate: Having a middle ground between beliefs.
Conservative: prefering what has been done in the past.
Reactionary: Strongly opposing political or social changes.
Censorship: Restricting access to books, movies, etc
Compulsory military service: Required participation in the military.
Lowering the driving age: Reducing the age at which drivers can obtain licences.
Raising the voting age: Increasing the age at which someone can vote
Poverty: Lack of necessary money to survive
Genocide: Intentional attempt to destroy a ethnic group
Discrimination: Judging people negatively due to their race, ethnicity etc.
Bribe: Money given in exchange for dishonest acts.
Corruption: Dishonest behaviour from people in government.
Racism: The belief that one's ethnicity is superior.
Prejudice: Forming an emotional opinion of someone without knowing the facts.

Advice, crime, education, health, help, information, investment, justice, news, patience, peace, politics, poverty, progress, proof, success, time, and work are examples of non-countable nouns. Never use 'a' or 'an' before them.