Unit (8) & (9) Inventions & Controversial Issues Notes PDF

## Unit (8) Inventions and Discoveries - I got eaten alive = have been beaten alot / got mosquitoes bites - brutal = very bad = notnice = horrible - what anightmare = very bad thing. - tons of mosquitoes = huge number of mosquitoes - have to bite the bullet = don't like to do it but you have to do...

## Unit (8) Inventions and Discoveries - I got eaten alive = have been beaten alot / got mosquitoes bites - brutal = very bad = notnice = horrible - what anightmare = very bad thing. - tons of mosquitoes = huge number of mosquitoes - have to bite the bullet = don't like to do it but you have to do it - Someone won't hear of it = disagree / refuse to use it - I'm packing = take it * itching * insect repellent * Mosquito bites * mosquito nets ### Describing manufactured products: - produced in large number in factories - uses new technology - offers high quality - uses new ideas | High Tech | Meaning | |---|---| | high-tech | تقنية عالية | | high-end | راق | | innovative | مبتكر | | state-of-the-art | متطور | | top-of-the-line | متطور للغاية | | revolutionary | ثوري | | cutting-edge | متطور | | first-rate | من الدرجة الأولى | | novel | جديد | | وحديث | حديث | | من الدرجة الأولى | من الدرجة الأولى | **Ex: high-tech computer but the computer is hightech** - top-of-the-line / state-of-the-art ### Unique: - **unique:** the only one of its kind - **Low-tech:** doesn't use modern technology - **high-tech:** uses modern technology. - **efficient:** doesn't waste time, money, or energy - **inefficient:** wastes time, money, or energy - **wacky:** pretty Silly ## Unit (9) Controversial Issues | Issue | Meaning | |---|---| | government | the group of people who govern a country or state | | Politics | the art or science of government or govering | | Constitution | Aset of basic law and principles that a country is governed by, which cannot easily be changed by the political party in power | | election | An occasion when people vote to choose someone for an official position | | vote | show by marking a paper or using Amachine which person you want in a government position | | Campaign | lead or take part in a series of actions intended to win an election for a government position | | democracy | Asystem of government in which every citizen in the country can vote to elect its government officials | | monarchy | the system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen | | dictatorship | Government by a ruler who has complete power | | Enstitutional monarchy | A country ruled by a king or a queen whose power is limited by a constitution | **Ex: what are you up to these days = what are you doing today** **Ex: I do tend to be alittle opinionated = I stand with my opinion strongly** ### Acontinuum of political and social beliefs: - **radical**: Supporting complete political or social change (a radical (min)) - **liberal**: Supporting changes in political, social, or religious system that respect the different beliefs, ideas of other people (a liberal (n))' - **moderate**: having opinions or beliers, especially about politics, that are not extreme and that most people consider reasonable or sensible ( a moderate (n)) - **conservative**: preferring to continue to do things as they have been done in the past rather than risking changes ( a conservative (n)) ### Reactionary: - Strongly opposed to political or social changes (a reactionary (n)). - **lift-wing**: it means a radical or liberal. - **Centrist**: moderate X immoderate #### To introduce sticky questions: - it might be alittle (personal/touchy / Controversial/inappropriate) - Absolutely not, it's a good thing I Asked : - If you don't want to answer, say: "No offense, but I feel uncomfortable talking about ----" ### Some Controversial issues: 1. censorship of books and movies 2. Compulsory military service 3. lowering the driving age (16-18) 4. raising the voting age (18 - 21) 5. prohibiting smoking indoors. ### Poverty: - lack of necessary money to survive ### Genocide: - the attempt to destroy all members of a radical or ethnic group ### Discrimination: - judging or harming people because of their radical or ethnic group ### Bribe: - money paid or some other reward given to a person to perform a dishonest or unethical act or to provide a favor. ### Corruption: - the abuse of power by people in government or business. - use something in a wrong way ### Racism: - the belief that other radical or ethnic group are inferior to one's own ### Prejudice: - Feel proud of yourself. ### How to debate an issue politely: 1. that may be true, but... 2. I see what you mean, but... 3. well, on the one hand...but on the other hand.. 4. that's one way to look at it, but ## Grammar ### Non-count nouns that represent abstract ideas - Advice - Crime - Education - Health - Help - Information - Investment - Justice - News - Patience - Peace - Politics - Poverty - Progress - Proof - Success - Time - Work --- ### Verbs followed by objects and inf - agree - appear - can’t afford - can’t wait - decide - deserve - hope - learn - manage - need - offer - plan - pretend - refuse - seem **Ex: I decide to go to the club instead of the cinema.** --- ### Verbs followed by an object then (To + infinitive) - advise - allow - cause - convince - persuade - encourage - invite - permit - remind - request - require - tell - urge - warn **Ex: we persuaded our friends to vote for our candidate** --- ### Note (democracy monarcy dictatorship) are **countable** and **uncountable** - When describe a general form AS: - **Egypt is a democracy** - countable - **a democracy** - uncountable ## Unit (10) - Correct the errors **Here's some political information about the election. The good news is that both candidates have programs for the education. The liberal candidate, Bill Slate, says financial helps for the schools are a question of the justice. The poverty has affected the quality of the schools, and students from schools in poor areas don't have a success. Joanna Clark, the conservative candidate, disagrees. She believes a progress has been made by investing in the teacher education. Her advice is to keep the old policy. "Creating better schools takes the time and a patience," she says.**