Underwater and Social Archaeology Quiz

<p>Being the oldest preserved human body known. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mandates the return of Native American artifacts and remains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The remains were successfully repatriated to tribes in 2017. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They led to higher competition for resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The elemental composition of materials like bones and soils. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>149% of pre-industrial CO2 levels were recorded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterarchy involves horizontal power distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydraulic Hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable nutrition and health indicators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glacial-interglacial climate cycles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutual cooperation for resource sharing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deforestation followed by soil erosion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emerged periodically connecting Siberia and Alaska. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act solely for the public good. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The peak of glacial coverage around 24,000 years ago (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remote sensing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permanent leadership positions and social stratification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A settlement preserved under sand on the Orkney Islands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tribe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It held a vast cargo of copper, ivory, and tin ingots. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating 3D models through overlapping photographs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chiefdoms have higher inequality and stratification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To conduct preliminary mapping and documentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centralized organization and bureaucracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of small, egalitarian groups with family-based labor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ancient navigation, trade routes, ship construction, and environmental change impacts are some research interests in underwater archaeology.

Digging underwater sites using tools like hand trowels. Critical for documenting, recovering artifacts and stratigraphy.

Using technology like sonar and magnetometers to map the seafloor or detect buried objects without disturbing the site.

Small, self-sufficient groups, often related by kinship, with informal leadership; usually mobile and egalitarian .

Larger than bands, with more social integration. Leadership is not permanent and often charismatic.

Social hierarchy with permanent leadership and kin-based ranks. There is some inequality.

Centralized political organization, encompassing many communities & having specialized roles.

Ancient shipwreck from 14th century BCE (Bronze Age) found off Turkey, yielding a rich cargo of valuable goods reflecting trade.

Neolithic settlement in Orkney (Scotland) well preserved. Reveals insights into prehistoric life and resource use.

Using overlapping photos to build 3D models of sites without moving artifacts.

The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has surpassed a critical point (400 ppm) and may not decrease for a long time, indicating a major climate change.

The largest recorded increase in methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere, further contributing to global warming.

Rising temperatures, melting ice, and rising sea levels are leading to extreme weather events, food shortages, and social unrest.

Studying the ratios of different isotopes in ancient materials to understand past environments, diets, and migration patterns.

Extracting genetic material from ancient remains to study evolutionary relationships, population movements, and species identification.

Measuring the chemical composition of archaeological materials to understand diet, technology, and environmental exposure.

Identifying chemical residues on artifacts to reconstruct food processing, drug use, or material production techniques.

A flexible network-based organizational structure where power is distributed horizontally, unlike a hierarchy's top-down structure.

An incredibly well-preserved 5,300-year-old body found in the Alps, offering valuable insights into ancient life, health, and culture.

A top-down organizational structure with a clear chain of command and vertical power relationships.

Ideas about how complex societies form.

A law requiring institutions to return Native American human remains, sacred objects, and funerary objects to affiliated tribes.

This theory proposes organization around public works like irrigation systems drives inequality & hierarchies.

A 9,000-year-old skeleton that sparked legal battles over repatriation to Native American tribes.

The study of past environments by archaeologists using clues like isotopes, phytoliths, and pollen.

The ratio of light to heavy oxygen isotopes used to study past climates from ice and sea cores.

The land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that existed during glacial periods.

The period of the last ice age, about 24,000 years ago, marked by the most extreme glacial conditions.

Archaeologists study things like elite residences, burials, resource distribution, health, and work to infer past social status.

Agricultural intensification often leads to deforestation and soil erosion.