Underwater and Social Archaeology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was significant about the CO2 levels in 2015?

They surpassed 400 ppm globally for the first time. (correct)

They remained consistent with pre-industrial levels.

They showed a decline for the first time in decades.

They were recorded at 300 ppm for the first time.

Which stable isotope is primarily used to analyze past climates?

Nitrogen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen (correct)

What does residue analysis help reconstruct?

Dietary sources

Food processing and material production (correct)

Population migrations

Trophic levels

What is Ötzi notable for in archaeological science?

Being the oldest preserved human body known. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes NAGPRA?

It mandates the return of Native American artifacts and remains. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Kennewick Man case?

The remains were successfully repatriated to tribes in 2017. Signup and view all the answers

How did extreme weather-related phenomena affect economic productivity?

They led to higher competition for resources. Signup and view all the answers

What does elemental analysis specifically measure?

The elemental composition of materials like bones and soils. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant result of increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere as of 2021?

149% of pre-industrial CO2 levels were recorded. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes heterarchy from hierarchy in organizational structures?

Heterarchy involves horizontal power distribution. Signup and view all the answers

Which cooperation theory suggests that hierarchy arises from organizing public works?

Hydraulic Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

How do archaeologists often identify social status in ancient societies?

Variable nutrition and health indicators Signup and view all the answers

What does the O16/O18 ratio in environmental archaeology help researchers analyze?

Glacial-interglacial climate cycles Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the coercion theories of hierarchy in complex societies?

Mutual cooperation for resource sharing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a significant change in the environment due to agriculture?

Deforestation followed by soil erosion Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Beringia during glaciations?

It emerged periodically connecting Siberia and Alaska. Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception regarding political entrepreneurs in complex societies?

They act solely for the public good. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily links climate change to human-induced factors?

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What does the Last Glacial Maximum refer to in environmental studies?

The peak of glacial coverage around 24,000 years ago Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used to map the seafloor and identify underwater archaeological sites?

Remote sensing Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Chiefdom in social archaeology?

Permanent leadership positions and social stratification Signup and view all the answers

What type of archaeological site is Skara Brae?

A settlement preserved under sand on the Orkney Islands Signup and view all the answers

Which type of society is characterized by having a nonpermanent leadership that is primarily charismatic?

Tribe Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant findings of the Uluburun shipwreck?

It held a vast cargo of copper, ivory, and tin ingots. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for underwater archaeologists when performing photogrammetry?

Creating 3D models through overlapping photographs Signup and view all the answers

How do social ranks in Chiefdom societies differ from those in Band societies?

Chiefdoms have higher inequality and stratification. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of scuba diving in underwater archaeology?

To conduct preliminary mapping and documentation Signup and view all the answers

Which societal feature differentiates a State from a Band or Tribe?

Centralized organization and bureaucracy Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic of Band societies in archaeology?

They consist of small, egalitarian groups with family-based labor. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Underwater Archaeology

Questions focus on ancient navigation, trade routes, ship construction, environmental change impacts
Techniques include remote sensing (sonar, magnetometers) to map seafloors and detect buried objects
Underwater excavation uses hand trowels or water dredges for stratigraphy and artifact recovery
Photogrammetry creates 3D models of underwater sites without artifact removal
Uluburun shipwreck, dated to the 14th century BCE, is important for its extensive copper, ivory, glass, tin cargo
Skara Brae is a Neolithic settlement, preserved under sand on the Orkney Islands. Provides insights into prehistoric life and adaptation to changing shorelines.

Band societies are small, self-sufficient, egalitarian groups with informal leadership based on family ties, and labor division by age and sex.
Tribes have greater social/cultural integration, more sedentary, and nonpermanent leadership.
Chiefdom societies feature more hierarchy, permanent leadership, kin-based social ranks, leading to stratification. Fortifications, warriors, and early metallurgy are common.
State societies involve a centralized, permanent social/political organization encompassing multiple communities. They feature specialization, bureaucracy independent of leadership, and functions like taxation and law enforcement .
Hierarchy is a top-down organizational structure with clearly defined chains of command and vertical power relationships.
Heterarchy refers to a more flexible network-based structure with power distributed horizontally, allowing for varied ranking systems and shared decision-making.

Cooperation and Emergence Theories of Complex Societies

Cooperation 1: Hydraulic Hypothesis: Inequality often results when public works projects require group organization and management.
Cooperation 2: Population Growth: Larger populations create the need for more organized resource management.
Cooperation 3: Environmental Variability/Stress: Risk reduction and resource management strategies develop when faced with variable environmental conditions
Cooperation 4: Trade: Trade routes and regional markets need greater organizational structures
Coercion 1 & 2: Warfare or class conflict can drive societal stratification and inequalities of power and resource distribution.
Agency (individual action) can result in political actions impacting social hierarchy.

Environmental Archaeology

Archaeologists study past environments using oxygen isotope ratios, phytoliths, pollen, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations from ice cores.
These data allow insight into past climate and environmental changes. Beringia, the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska, is relevant.
Agriculture and the environment are linked to population growth and environmental impacts.

Climate Change

Rising CO2 levels, ice coverage reduction, and sea-level rise are ongoing climate change phenomena that can have significant social consequences for populations.
Significant impact on weather events, food production, conflict, and human health.

Archaeological Science

Stable isotopes (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon) provide insight into diet, migration, and environmental history.
Ancient DNA analysis helps understand evolutionary relationships and population migrations.
Elemental analysis provides insight into the composition and origins of artifacts and environmental materials.
Residue analysis helps reconstruct past food processing and material use.

Cultural Resource Management & Historic Archaeology

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) regulates the treatment of Native American human remains and funerary objects.
Bioarcheaology studies human remains to understand disease, diet, lifestyle, social status, and impacts of the past environment
Techniques like burial analysis, age analysis, and sexing (using skeletal remains), and paleopathology (study of diseases) provide insights.

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Description

Explore the fascinating fields of underwater and social archaeology through this quiz. Test your knowledge on ancient navigation techniques, trade routes, and the societal structures of early human communities. Dive into the details of significant archaeological sites and their implications on our understanding of history.