Underwater and Social Archaeology Overview

<p>State (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photogrammetry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tribes consist of larger populations with more sedentary lifestyles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prehistoric life and housing design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permanent leadership roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impact of environmental change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterarchy distributes power horizontally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydraulic Hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying isotopes of oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By protecting the interests of the surplus and powerful. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High atmospheric CO2 concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing burial practices and resource distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is exhibited through political entrepreneurs manipulating various factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>~24,000 years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased agricultural practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental Circumscription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levels of CO2 surged past 400 ppm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferring diets and migration patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His body provides insights into ancient diseases and life events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring the elemental composition of materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing human remains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must return remains to affiliated tribes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic testing and legal battles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caused famine and social instability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Residue analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reached 149% of pre-industrial levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methods used to study submerged sites, including remote sensing (like sonar and magnetometers), underwater excavation, photogrammetry, and scuba diving.

Ancient ship from the 14th century BCE, discovered off Turkey, with a significant cargo of copper, ivory, glass, and tin ingots.

Study of human societies through material remains at archaeological sites

Small, self-sufficient groups with informal leadership; typically, families with age and gender-based labor division

Larger-scale, egalitarian grouping with greater cultural integration than bands; typically larger, more sedentary, and with nonpermanent leaders.

Social group with a more complex hierarchy, permanent leadership positions, and kin-based structure.

Most complex form of social organization; centralized, permanent government encompassing many communities.

Using tools like sonar and magnetometers to survey an area or site without physically digging into it.

Digging in low-visibility conditions with tools like hand trowels or water dredges to discover and record underwater sites.

Neolithic settlement preserved under sand in Orkney, Scotland that provides insight into life, housing designs and resource uses.

A flexible, network-based organizational structure with power distributed horizontally, allowing for multiple rankings.

Explanations for the development of complex societies, emphasizing factors like cooperation and coercion.

A theory that social inequality arises from the organization of large-scale water management projects.

A factor driving social organization as growing populations require more organization for food and resource management.

Emergence of social organization as a response to environmental risks and needs for risk reduction.

Archaeologists use elite residences, burial practices, the distribution of resources, and variations in nutrition/health/labor to determine social status in the past.

The ratio of oxygen isotopes used to study past climates by analyzing ice cores, deep-sea cores, and corals.

Land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that existed during ice ages.

The most recent period of maximum glacial expansion.

The study of past environments through analyzing physical evidence to reconstruct and understand past climates and their impact.

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has exceeded a critical threshold and may remain elevated for extended periods, impacting climate significantly. The CO2 levels in 2021 reached 149% of pre-industrial levels, contributing to less ice coverage and rising sea levels.

Elevated CO2 levels and associated climate change trigger a cascade of negative effects, including extreme weather events, reduced economic productivity, food shortages, displacement of populations, social instability, and conflict.

Analyzing the ratios of different isotopes (e.g., Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon) in organic or inorganic materials reveals insights into diet, migration patterns, and environmental conditions.

Extracting DNA from ancient remains provides information about evolutionary relationships, population movements, and species identification.

Measuring the elemental composition of artifacts, bones, and soils helps archaeologists learn about diet, technology, and environmental exposure.

Identifying chemical residues (like oils, fats, plant compounds) left on artifacts provides insights into food preparation, drug use, or material production in ancient societies.

Ötzi, the oldest preserved human body, provides significant archaeological insights into health, life events, origins, and appearance in the Copper Age.

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) requires institutions to return human remains, funerary objects, and sacred artifacts to affiliated Native American tribes.

Kennewick Man, a 9,000-year-old skeleton, was determined to be Native American after years of legal battles, and his remains were repatriated to local tribes in 2017.

Bioarchaeology studies human remains in archaeological contexts to gain understanding of past populations, their health, diet, lifestyle, trauma, and disease.