Understanding Sex, Gender, and Stereotypes
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Which biological factor primarily determines sex?

  • Combination of sex chromosomes (XX or XY) (correct)
  • Hormone levels of testosterone and estrogen
  • Presence of a penis or vagina
  • The type of sex cells produced (sperm or egg)

Which of the following characteristics differentiates males from females based on sex?

  • Males chromosomes are XX, while females chromosomes are XY.
  • Males produce progesterone, while females produce testosterone.
  • Males bearing offspring, females producing sperm cells.
  • Males produce sperm cells, while females produce egg cells. (correct)

Which of the following statements best describes how societal expectations influence gender roles?

  • They have no impact on individual identity or expression.
  • They dictate specific behaviors and attitudes considered appropriate for each gender. (correct)
  • They encourage a completely uniform expression of masculinity and femininity across all cultures.
  • They are solely determined by biological differences between sexes.

What critical understanding is essential to combat the adverse effects of gender stereotypes?

<p>Recognizing that individual capabilities and preferences vary widely, regardless of gender. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might gender socialization contribute to limiting an individual's potential?

<p>By reinforcing stereotypes that restrict opportunities based on gender. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of rigidly enforcing gender stereotypes in a work environment?

<p>Limited career opportunities and potential for discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action would be most effective to challenge gender stereotypes in education?

<p>Promoting diverse role models and inclusive teaching materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the societal impact of understanding and respecting diverse sexual orientations and gender identities?

<p>It creates a more inclusive and equitable society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST example of a primary sex characteristic in females?

<p>The presence of a uterus and ovaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual who consistently identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth would most accurately be described as:

<p>Cisgender (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person's voice deepening during puberty is an example of what kind of sex characteristic, and what hormone primarily drives this change in males?

<p>Secondary sex characteristic, driven by testosterone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies bisexuality?

<p>An individual who experiences attraction to both men and women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is most inclusive when referring to individuals whose sexual orientation is toward the same gender?

<p>Homosexual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between sex and gender according to the content?

<p>Sex refers to biological attributes, while gender is a socially learned behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, how does gender influence an individual's life?

<p>It shapes their expected behaviors and interactions in relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women identifies as:

<p>Lesbian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes a man who is primarily attracted to other men?

<p>Gay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete the sentence: Because I am a girl/boy, ______.

<p>I am expected to behave and interact in certain ways within my society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, what is the MAIN difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?

<p>Primary characteristics are present at birth and directly involved in reproduction; secondary characteristics develop later. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios accurately describes a person who identifies as 'questioning'?

<p>Someone who is in the process of exploring their sexual orientation or gender identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the BEST example of how gender operates as a social construct?

<p>The societal expectation that women should be more nurturing than men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider an individual who does not experience sexual attraction. Which term BEST describes this orientation?

<p>Asexual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a society dictates specific roles and behaviors based on whether someone is male or female, what concept is being demonstrated?

<p>Gender as a social construct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the LGBTQIA+ acronym, what is the primary focus of the 'Transgender' identity?

<p>Gender identity that differs from assigned sex at birth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between sexual orientation and sexual behavior?

<p>Sexual orientation includes aspects such as sexual attraction, behavior and fantasies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'gender expression' relate to one's sexuality?

<p>Gender expression refers to how one manifests their sexuality through actions or presentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'heteronormativity'?

<p>The belief that heterosexuality is the standard or norm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'SOGIE' relate to personal identity?

<p>SOGIE encompasses sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context does the term 'straight' align with other concepts?

<p>It describes people who primarily experience sexual and romantic feelings for the opposite gender. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'gender expression'?

<p>How an individual chooses to present themselves through clothing, behavior, and mannerisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is SOGIE?

<p>Refers to one’s personal experience of gender or social relations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is accurate?

<p>Emotional preference, social preference, self-identification refers to Sogie. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate distinction between sex and gender, according to the provided information?

<p>Sex is primarily related to reproduction and is congenital, while gender is a social and cultural construct learned over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gender stereotypes develop when biased perceptions of gender roles are reinforced by various institutions. Which of the following is the LEAST likely to contribute to the development of gender stereotypes?

<p>A family that encourages each child to pursue their individual interests regardless of gender. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company promotes John to a leadership position over Mary, despite Mary having more experience and better performance reviews. This decision is justified by the hiring manager who stated that 'John is more assertive and decisive, qualities needed in a leader.' This scenario best exemplifies which type of gender stereotype?

<p>Personality Traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples BEST describes a gender stereotype related to assumptions regarding a person's sexuality?

<p>Assuming a woman who is assertive is a lesbian. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A toy company markets a cooking set specifically to girls and a construction set specifically to boys. This is an example of which type of gender stereotype?

<p>Role-based stereotypes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST illustrates a gender stereotype based on assumptions about a specific group belonging to a gender?

<p>Assuming all kindergarten teachers are women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a society where men are expected to be the primary providers for their families, while women are expected to be the primary caregivers for children. If a man chooses to be a stay-at-home dad while his wife works full-time, which type of gender stereotype is he MOST directly challenging?

<p>Role-based stereotypes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hiring manager believes that a male candidate is better suited for a software engineering position because 'men are naturally more logical and technically inclined than women.' This belief is an example of:

<p>A personality trait stereotype influencing occupational suitability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Female sex cells

Female sex produces these reproductive cells.

What is sex?

The biological characteristics determining male or female.

Male sex cells

Male sex produces these reproductive cells.

Male Genitalia

The primary sex organ of males.

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Male Chromosomes

The typical chromosome pairing for males.

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Female Genitalia

The primary sex organ of females.

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Female Chromosomes

The typical chromosome pairing for females.

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Testosterone

Primary male sex hormone.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

Present at birth; includes penis, testes, scrotum, sperm, vas deferens in males; uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina in females.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

Characteristics that emerge during puberty; examples include muscle growth and deepening voice in males, breast development and menstruation in females.

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Female Primary Sex Characteristics

In females, it includes the growth of the uterus and ovaries as well as the beginning of estrogen and progesterone production.

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Male Primary Sex Characteristics

In males, it includes development of the penis, testes and scrotum, and the production of androgen and testosterone.

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Gender

Refers to the socially learned behaviors, roles, expectations, values and interactions associated with one's sex.

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Male Secondary Sex Characteristics

The body becomes more muscular, shoulders and chest become broader, voice deepens, Adam’s apple grows, vocal cord enlarge

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Female Secondary Sex Characteristics

Development of the breasts, pelvic widens and hips broaden, regular menstruation.

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Sex (definition)

Physiological, related to reproduction, congenital, and unchanging.

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Gender (definition)

Social, cultural, learned behavior, changes over time, and varies across cultures.

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Gender Socialization

The process of learning and internalizing culturally approved ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

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Biased Perceptions

Develop when institutions reinforce a biased perception of a certain gender’s role.

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Gender Traits Stereotypes

Generalized view of traits that should be possessed by men and women, especially physical and emotional roles.

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Gender Sexuality Stereotypes

Involves assumptions regarding a person’s sexuality that reinforce dominant views.

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Gender Role Stereotypes

Encompass the roles that men and women are assigned to based on their sex and what behaviors they must possess to fulfill these roles.

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Gender Group Stereotypes

Assumptions about a specific group belonging to a gender.

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LGBTQIA+

A term encompassing diverse sexual and gender identities.

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Homosexual

Attraction to the same gender.

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Cisgender

Gender identity matches assigned sex at birth.

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Lesbian

Women attracted to other women.

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Gay

Men attracted to other men.

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Bisexual

Attraction to both genders.

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Asexual

No sexual attraction to any gender.

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Bisexual

People who are attracted to both genders.

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What does SOGIE stand for?

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression. Encompasses sexual attraction, behavior, and fantasies; emotional and social preferences; and self-identification.

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SOGIE: Personal Experience

One's personal experience of gender and how they relate socially.

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SOGIE: Expressing Sexuality

How someone expresses their sexuality through actions and self-presentation.

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Heteronormativity

The idea that heterosexuality is the 'normal' or 'correct' sexual orientation.

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Heterosexual (Straight)

People primarily attracted to the opposite gender romantically and sexually.

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Transgender

Someone whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth.

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Study Notes

  • This chapter will differentiate gender from sexuality, explain gender socialization, identify gender stereotypes and the problems they bring, and discuss sexual orientation and gender identity and expression or SOGIE.

Sex and Gender

  • Sex includes the biological characteristics of being female or male.
  • Female sex produces egg cells which are fertilized and bear offspring.
  • Male sex produces sperm cells to fertilize eggs.

Primary Sex Characteristics

  • In males, primary sex characteristics are the penis, testes, androgen and testosterone, scrotum sperm, and vas deferens.
  • In females, primary sex characteristics are the uterus, ovary, estrogen and progesterone, fallopian tubes, and vagina.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

  • Male secondary sex characteristics include increased muscle mass and growth of the Adam's apple.
  • Female secondary sex characteristics include breast development, widened pelvis, broadened hips, and regular menstruation.

Defining Gender

  • Gender includes socially learned behaviors that are usually associated with one's sex.
  • Gender is a social construct that determines one's roles, expected values, behaviors, and interactions in relationships involving men and women.

Main Differences Between Sex and Gender

  • Sex is physiological, related to reproduction, congenital, and unchanging.
  • Gender is social, cultural, a learned behavior, changes over time, and varies within and among cultures.

Gender Role Socialization

  • Gender role socialization includes the process of learning and internalizing culturally approved ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Gender Stereotypes

  • Gender stereotypes develop when different institutions such as family, church school, state, and media reinforce biased perceptions of a certain gender's role.
  • There are four types of gender stereotypes.

Sex Stereotypes

  • Sex stereotypes are generalized views of traits that should be possessed by men and women, including physical and emotional roles.

Sexual Stereotypes

  • Sexual stereotypes involve assumptions regarding a person's sexuality that reinforce dominant views.

Sex-Role Stereotypes

  • Sex-role stereotypes include the roles that men and women are assigned based on their sex and what behaviors they must possess to fulfill these roles.

Compounded Stereotypes

  • Compounded stereotypes involve assumptions about a specific group belonging to a gender.

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression (SOGIE)

  • Sexual orientation encompasses sexual attraction, sexual behavior, sexual fantasies, emotional preference, social preference, self-identification, and heterosexual or homosexual lifestyles.
  • Gender Identity refers to one’s personal experience of gender of social relations.
  • Gender expression determines how one expresses their sexuality through their actions of presentation.

LGBTQIA Terms

  • Lesbian: Pertains to women who are attracted to other women
  • Gay: Refers to men who are attracted to other men
  • Bisexual: Denotes people who are attracted to both genders
  • Transgender: Refers to someone whose assigned sex at birth does not represent his or her gender identity.
  • Cisgender: Refers to someone whose gender identity corresponds with their biological sex.
  • Heteronormativity: The notion that being heterosexual, or the attraction to the opposite sex, is the standard for correctness.
  • Heterosexual or Straight: Refers to people who have sexual and romantic feelings mostly.
  • Homosexual: Describes people who have sexual and romantic feelings for the same gender.

Sexism and Gender Equality

  • Sexism is defined as prejudice against a certain sex.
  • Gender equality is defined as the recognition of the state that all human beings are free to enjoy equal conditions and fulfill their human potential, to contribute to the state and society.

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