Understanding Schizophrenia and Psychosis
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Questions and Answers

Which cognitive functioning issue is associated with decreased insight and judgment in individuals with schizophrenia?

  • Poor insight and judgment (correct)
  • Intuitive problem-solving
  • Enhanced abstract reasoning
  • Increased emotional reactivity

    • What type of therapeutic intervention focuses on enhancing social skills among individuals experiencing schizophrenia?

  • Psychodynamic therapy
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Electroconvulsive therapy
  • Social skills training (correct)

    • Which clinical feature is characterized by prolonged periods of immobility and unusual posture in individuals with schizophrenia?

  • Mood disturbances
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Catatonia (correct)

    • What cognitive symptom might manifest as a person's thought processes becoming disordered, resulting in difficulty connecting ideas?

    <p>Loosening of associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the biological consequence in individuals with schizophrenia that can affect overall health and well-being.

    <p>Brain volume reductions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment modality is NOT considered a psychosocial therapy for schizophrenia?

    <p>Electroconvulsive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom would most likely indicate a distorted perception of reality in a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological factor that may complicate the treatment of schizophrenia, particularly regarding medication adherence?

    <p>Poor insight into illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of psychosis?

    <p>Loss of contact with reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT directly associated with schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria?

    <p>Repetitive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what stage of life is schizophrenia most likely to appear?

    <p>Young adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be present for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to Criterion A?

    <p>Two or more symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the continuous signs of disturbance required for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

    <p>Symptoms present for at least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is categorized as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Diminished emotional expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In schizophrenia, which aspect of functioning commonly deteriorates?

    <p>Personal and social functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can contribute to the onset of psychosis aside from schizophrenia?

    <p>Substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak age at onset for the first psychotic episode in males?

    <p>20-25 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor has been correlated with a higher incidence of schizophrenia?

    <p>Maternal influenza during the third trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of schizophrenia is characterized by odd beliefs?

    <p>Paranoid type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the general population is reported to have schizophrenia?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT recognized as a risk factor for schizophrenia?

    <p>Regular physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of onset of schizophrenia typically unfolds over several weeks or months?

    <p>Insidious onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is correlated with schizophrenia and involves maternal health?

    <p>Maternal stress during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rare age of onset for schizophrenia that occurs before adolescence?

    <p>Under 18 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be made if there is a history of autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Delusions and hallucinations must be present for at least 1 month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Sensory perceptions without external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a delusion of persecution?

    <p>Fear of being unfairly treated by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cognitive symptoms from positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Cognitive symptoms relate to deficits in memory or attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the presence of mood episodes treated in relation to schizophrenia diagnoses?

    <p>They may be present but should not dominate the duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hallucinations most commonly experienced as in schizophrenia?

    <p>Auditory sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a delusion of grandeur?

    <p>Claiming to be the reincarnation of a famous figure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for ruling out schizoaffective disorder in diagnosing schizophrenia?

    <p>Major depressive or manic episodes have never occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Disorders marked by omission or absence of normal responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Difficulty with attention and working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is characterized by the inability to initiate or follow through on actions in schizophrenia?

    <p>Loss of volition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a bizarre behavior often seen in schizophrenia?

    <p>Neologisms or made-up words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does perseveration refer to in the context of schizophrenia?

    <p>Repeating questions without realizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'alogia' characterized in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Long pauses and reduced speech output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Delusions of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a reduction in emotional expression due to schizophrenia?

    <p>Flat affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Schizophrenia

    • Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling brain disorder affecting about 1% of Americans.
    • It can cause hallucinations (false sensory perceptions), delusions (false beliefs), and difficulties in functioning in daily life, including work, social relationships, and self-care.
    • Symptoms typically appear in young adulthood.
    • There is no cure, but treatment can help manage the most serious symptoms.
    • The DSM-5 defines schizophrenia as a severe, chronic, and potentially disabling thought disorder characterized by strange perceptions, disturbed thoughts, unusual emotions, and motor abilities. It typically presents with periods of remission and relapse throughout the lifespan.

    Psychosis

    • Psychosis is a state marked by a loss of contact with reality.
    • Ability to perceive and respond to the environment is significantly disturbed.
    • Impairment in daily functioning.
    • Symptoms can include hallucinations and/or delusions.
    • Psychosis can result from substance abuse, brain injury, or other factors but most commonly appears in the form of schizophrenia.

    DSM-5 Criteria for Schizophrenia

    • A: Two or more of the following symptoms must be present, lasting for at least one month:
      • Delusions
      • Hallucinations
      • Disorganized speech
      • Catatonic behavior
      • Negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression)
    • B: Daily functioning significantly impaired for a meaningful period.
    • C: Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months.
    • D: Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder with psychotic features must be ruled out.
    • E: The disturbance is not due to a medical condition or substance use.
    • F: If a history of autism spectrum disorder or childhood communication disorder exists, significant delusions or hallucinations must accompany other schizophrenia symptoms.

    Symptoms of Schizophrenia

    • Positive Symptoms: These are disorders of commission—things patients do or think that are not typical. Examples include:
      • Hallucinations (sensory perceptions with no external stimuli, commonly auditory)
      • Delusions (false beliefs with no basis in fact, e.g., delusion of reference, persecution, grandeur, control)
      • Bizarre or disorganized behavior (e.g., loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, clang)
    • Negative Symptoms: These are disorders of omission—things patients don't do or experience. Examples include:
      • Alogia (poverty of speech)
      • Flat affect (reduced emotional expression)
      • Anhedonia (lack of pleasure/enjoyment)
      • Avolition (lack of motivation)
      • Asociality (lack of social interaction)
    • Cognitive Symptoms: Difficulties with attention, working memory, verbal learning, memory, and executive functions.
    • Other Symptoms: Symptoms are further categorized as motor, behavioral, or mood disturbances.

    Onset and Prevalence

    • Schizophrenia symptoms typically appear between the ages of 18 and 35.
    • Onset before adolescence is rare.
    • The peak age of onset for males is 20-25, and for females it is around 26 and older.
    • Onset can be abrupt (like a sudden appearance of symptoms) or insidious (symptoms develop gradually over time).
    • The prevalence of schizophrenia is approximately 1% of the general population.

    Risk Factors

    • Birth month, specifically late winter and early spring, possibly linked to maternal influenza during pregnancy.
    • Higher incidence in urban areas and some minority groups.
    • Other genetic factors, pregnancy/labor complications, hypoxia, older fathers, stress, infection, malnutrition, and maternal diabetes (but causality is not established).

    Causes

    • A combination of genetic predisposition and environmental/social/psychological factors.
    • Contributing causes include neurodevelopmental abnormalities, brain dysfunction, and imbalances in brain chemicals.

    Subtypes of Schizophrenia

    • Paranoid type
    • Disorganized type
    • Catatonic type
    • Undifferentiated type
    • Residual type

    Clinical Features

    • Mental status examination must consider appearance and behavior, mood and affect, thought processes, thought content (including delusions), form of thought (e.g., loose associations), perceptual disturbances (e.g., hallucinations, illusions), cognitive functioning, insight, and judgment.

    Treatments

    • Biological treatments
    • Psychosocial therapies (social skills training, family therapy, group therapy, individual psychotherapy, assertive community treatment, CPT).

    Physical Factors

    • Physical inactivity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are linked to brain volume reductions.

    Case Example

    • John, a 27-year-old with a history of schizophrenia, has experienced a recent decline in functioning, including immobility and strange postures, leading to a hospital visit. This case exemplifies the need for continuous, consistent appropriate treatment.

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    Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorder PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the key concepts of schizophrenia and psychosis, including symptoms, impacts on daily functioning, and treatment approaches. It provides insights into how these conditions manifest and affect individuals in their lives. Perfect for students or anyone interested in mental health.

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