Understanding Schizophrenia and Psychosis
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Questions and Answers

Which cognitive functioning issue is associated with decreased insight and judgment in individuals with schizophrenia?

  • Poor insight and judgment (correct)
  • Intuitive problem-solving
  • Enhanced abstract reasoning
  • Increased emotional reactivity

What type of therapeutic intervention focuses on enhancing social skills among individuals experiencing schizophrenia?

  • Psychodynamic therapy
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Electroconvulsive therapy
  • Social skills training (correct)

Which clinical feature is characterized by prolonged periods of immobility and unusual posture in individuals with schizophrenia?

  • Mood disturbances
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Catatonia (correct)

What cognitive symptom might manifest as a person's thought processes becoming disordered, resulting in difficulty connecting ideas?

<p>Loosening of associations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the biological consequence in individuals with schizophrenia that can affect overall health and well-being.

<p>Brain volume reductions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment modality is NOT considered a psychosocial therapy for schizophrenia?

<p>Electroconvulsive therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom would most likely indicate a distorted perception of reality in a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia?

<p>Hallucinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological factor that may complicate the treatment of schizophrenia, particularly regarding medication adherence?

<p>Poor insight into illness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of psychosis?

<p>Loss of contact with reality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT directly associated with schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria?

<p>Repetitive behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what stage of life is schizophrenia most likely to appear?

<p>Young adulthood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be present for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to Criterion A?

<p>Two or more symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the continuous signs of disturbance required for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

<p>Symptoms present for at least 6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is categorized as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

<p>Diminished emotional expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In schizophrenia, which aspect of functioning commonly deteriorates?

<p>Personal and social functioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can contribute to the onset of psychosis aside from schizophrenia?

<p>Substance use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak age at onset for the first psychotic episode in males?

<p>20-25 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor has been correlated with a higher incidence of schizophrenia?

<p>Maternal influenza during the third trimester (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of schizophrenia is characterized by odd beliefs?

<p>Paranoid type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the general population is reported to have schizophrenia?

<p>1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recognized as a risk factor for schizophrenia?

<p>Regular physical exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of onset of schizophrenia typically unfolds over several weeks or months?

<p>Insidious onset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is correlated with schizophrenia and involves maternal health?

<p>Maternal stress during pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rare age of onset for schizophrenia that occurs before adolescence?

<p>Under 18 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be made if there is a history of autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Delusions and hallucinations must be present for at least 1 month. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Sensory perceptions without external stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a delusion of persecution?

<p>Fear of being unfairly treated by others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cognitive symptoms from positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

<p>Cognitive symptoms relate to deficits in memory or attention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the presence of mood episodes treated in relation to schizophrenia diagnoses?

<p>They may be present but should not dominate the duration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hallucinations most commonly experienced as in schizophrenia?

<p>Auditory sensations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a delusion of grandeur?

<p>Claiming to be the reincarnation of a famous figure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for ruling out schizoaffective disorder in diagnosing schizophrenia?

<p>Major depressive or manic episodes have never occurred. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

<p>Disorders marked by omission or absence of normal responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

<p>Difficulty with attention and working memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is characterized by the inability to initiate or follow through on actions in schizophrenia?

<p>Loss of volition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a bizarre behavior often seen in schizophrenia?

<p>Neologisms or made-up words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does perseveration refer to in the context of schizophrenia?

<p>Repeating questions without realizing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'alogia' characterized in individuals with schizophrenia?

<p>Long pauses and reduced speech output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

<p>Delusions of control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a reduction in emotional expression due to schizophrenia?

<p>Flat affect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychosis

A state characterized by a loss of touch with reality.

Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there.

Delusions

False beliefs that are not based in reality, often persistent despite contrary evidence.

Schizophrenia

A severe, chronic mental health condition marked by disturbed thought patterns, emotions, and behavior.

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Occupational and Social Functioning

The ability to function independently in daily life, including work, relationships, and personal care.

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Remission

A period of time when symptoms of schizophrenia decrease or disappear.

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Relapse

A period of time when symptoms of schizophrenia reappear or worsen.

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DSM-V Criteria for Schizophrenia

The criteria, or standards, used to diagnose schizophrenia.

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Delusion of Reference

Attaching special and personal meaning to the actions of others or various objects, events.

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Delusion of Persecution

The belief that one is being spied on, threatened, attacked, or deliberately victimized.

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Delusion of Grandeur

The belief that one is a great inventor, religious savior, or other specially empowered person.

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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Disorders of commission, meaning they are something that patients do or think. Examples include hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre or disorganized behavior.

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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Symptoms that are associated with a reduction in normal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. Examples include lack of motivation, reduced speech, flat affect, and social withdrawal.

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Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Changes in attention, memory, and executive function. Examples include impaired working memory, difficulty with decision-making, and poor problem-solving skills.

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Delusion of Control

A false belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and actions are being controlled by others. This belief is not based on reality and often leads to feelings of helplessness.

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Erotomanic Delusion

A false belief that someone else, often a stranger, is in love with them. This belief can lead to obsessive behavior and unwanted attention towards the person.

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Loose Associations

Disordered thinking that jumps from one idea to another, lacking a clear connection between thoughts. This can make it difficult to follow the person's conversation.

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Neologisms

Making up new words or phrases that have no meaning to others. These words can be nonsensical or specific to the individual's own internal world.

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Perseveration

Repeating words or phrases over and over again, even after the initial topic has changed. This can be frustrating for others to engage with.

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Clang (Rhymes)

Using rhyming words or phrases in a seemingly illogical or nonsensical way. The focus is on the sound of the words rather than their meaning.

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Blunted and Flat Affect

A lack of outward emotional expression. This can include a flat affect, avoiding eye contact, and a monotonous voice.

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Anhedonia

A lack of interest in activities that were previously enjoyable. This can lead to feelings of apathy and a loss of motivation.

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Schizophrenia Onset

The onset of schizophrenia symptoms usually occurs between the ages of 18 and 35.

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Schizophrenia Onset by Gender

The peak age for a first psychotic episode is in the 20s for men and 26 or older for women.

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Schizophrenia Onset Types

Schizophrenia can develop suddenly, appearing within a short time, or gradually over weeks or months.

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Schizophrenia Prevalence

Approximately 1% of the general population is diagnosed with schizophrenia.

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Maternal Influenza and Schizophrenia

Influenza during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester, has been linked as a possible cause of schizophrenia.

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Environmental Factors and Schizophrenia

Certain factors like late winter/early spring birth, urban living, and some minority backgrounds have been associated with higher rates of schizophrenia.

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Other Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

Pregnancy/labor complications with oxygen deprivation, older paternal age, stress, infections, malnutrition, and diabetes can also be linked to increased schizophrenia risk.

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Causality of Schizophrenia Factors

The DSM-5 acknowledges the correlation of various factors to schizophrenia, but emphasizes that causality is not definitively proven.

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Thought Disorder

A disturbance in the flow of thoughts, making it difficult to follow a logical sequence.

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Brain Volume Reduction

A decrease in the volume of brain tissue, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.

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Catatonia

A state of unresponsiveness where an individual may exhibit unusual postures or movements, often accompanied by a lack of motivation and engagement.

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Insight

The ability to understand and be aware of one's own mental health condition.

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Study Notes

Schizophrenia

  • Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling brain disorder affecting about 1% of Americans.
  • It can cause hallucinations (false sensory perceptions), delusions (false beliefs), and difficulties in functioning in daily life, including work, social relationships, and self-care.
  • Symptoms typically appear in young adulthood.
  • There is no cure, but treatment can help manage the most serious symptoms.
  • The DSM-5 defines schizophrenia as a severe, chronic, and potentially disabling thought disorder characterized by strange perceptions, disturbed thoughts, unusual emotions, and motor abilities. It typically presents with periods of remission and relapse throughout the lifespan.

Psychosis

  • Psychosis is a state marked by a loss of contact with reality.
  • Ability to perceive and respond to the environment is significantly disturbed.
  • Impairment in daily functioning.
  • Symptoms can include hallucinations and/or delusions.
  • Psychosis can result from substance abuse, brain injury, or other factors but most commonly appears in the form of schizophrenia.

DSM-5 Criteria for Schizophrenia

  • A: Two or more of the following symptoms must be present, lasting for at least one month:
    • Delusions
    • Hallucinations
    • Disorganized speech
    • Catatonic behavior
    • Negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression)
  • B: Daily functioning significantly impaired for a meaningful period.
  • C: Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months.
  • D: Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder with psychotic features must be ruled out.
  • E: The disturbance is not due to a medical condition or substance use.
  • F: If a history of autism spectrum disorder or childhood communication disorder exists, significant delusions or hallucinations must accompany other schizophrenia symptoms.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

  • Positive Symptoms: These are disorders of commission—things patients do or think that are not typical. Examples include:
    • Hallucinations (sensory perceptions with no external stimuli, commonly auditory)
    • Delusions (false beliefs with no basis in fact, e.g., delusion of reference, persecution, grandeur, control)
    • Bizarre or disorganized behavior (e.g., loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, clang)
  • Negative Symptoms: These are disorders of omission—things patients don't do or experience. Examples include:
    • Alogia (poverty of speech)
    • Flat affect (reduced emotional expression)
    • Anhedonia (lack of pleasure/enjoyment)
    • Avolition (lack of motivation)
    • Asociality (lack of social interaction)
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Difficulties with attention, working memory, verbal learning, memory, and executive functions.
  • Other Symptoms: Symptoms are further categorized as motor, behavioral, or mood disturbances.

Onset and Prevalence

  • Schizophrenia symptoms typically appear between the ages of 18 and 35.
  • Onset before adolescence is rare.
  • The peak age of onset for males is 20-25, and for females it is around 26 and older.
  • Onset can be abrupt (like a sudden appearance of symptoms) or insidious (symptoms develop gradually over time).
  • The prevalence of schizophrenia is approximately 1% of the general population.

Risk Factors

  • Birth month, specifically late winter and early spring, possibly linked to maternal influenza during pregnancy.
  • Higher incidence in urban areas and some minority groups.
  • Other genetic factors, pregnancy/labor complications, hypoxia, older fathers, stress, infection, malnutrition, and maternal diabetes (but causality is not established).

Causes

  • A combination of genetic predisposition and environmental/social/psychological factors.
  • Contributing causes include neurodevelopmental abnormalities, brain dysfunction, and imbalances in brain chemicals.

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

  • Paranoid type
  • Disorganized type
  • Catatonic type
  • Undifferentiated type
  • Residual type

Clinical Features

  • Mental status examination must consider appearance and behavior, mood and affect, thought processes, thought content (including delusions), form of thought (e.g., loose associations), perceptual disturbances (e.g., hallucinations, illusions), cognitive functioning, insight, and judgment.

Treatments

  • Biological treatments
  • Psychosocial therapies (social skills training, family therapy, group therapy, individual psychotherapy, assertive community treatment, CPT).

Physical Factors

  • Physical inactivity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are linked to brain volume reductions.

Case Example

  • John, a 27-year-old with a history of schizophrenia, has experienced a recent decline in functioning, including immobility and strange postures, leading to a hospital visit. This case exemplifies the need for continuous, consistent appropriate treatment.

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Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorder PDF

Description

This quiz explores the key concepts of schizophrenia and psychosis, including symptoms, impacts on daily functioning, and treatment approaches. It provides insights into how these conditions manifest and affect individuals in their lives. Perfect for students or anyone interested in mental health.

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