18 Questions
What should a nurse avoid doing when interacting with a client regarding their perspective?
Imposing personal values on the client
Which of the following best describes pain according to the text?
An emotional experience associated with tissue damage
What is the recommended communication approach when addressing a client's pain?
Speaking slowly and using straightforward language
What should be considered in gerontologic variations when assessing a client's pain?
Face the client and speak slowly for better hearing acuity
Which neurotransmitters are involved in the descending system for pain modulation?
Endorphins, serotonin, norepinephrine
When assessing a client's pain, why is it essential to avoid personal examples?
They can make the client feel uncomfortable
Which part of the brain do the neurons in the descending system send signals to for pain modulation?
Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
What nonverbal cues should nurses be mindful of when interacting with clients?
Voice inflection and facial expressions
What are some factors that can influence a client's perception of pain?
Depression, past experiences, gender
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting pain stimuli to the brain?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the purpose of a universal pain assessment tool like the one mentioned in the text?
To standardize the assessment and communication of pain levels
In physical assessment, what are the four examination techniques typically used to collect objective data from a client?
Inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion
What is the key difference between acute pain and chronic pain?
Acute pain lasts only through the expected recovery period, while chronic pain lasts longer than 6 months.
Which theory of pain suggests that noxious stimuli trigger the release of biochemical mediators or algogenic substances?
Gate control theory
What is a characteristic of chronic pain according to the provided content?
People suffer from chronic pain even when there is no past injury or body damage.
Which neurotransmitter is considered a universal stimulus for pain?
Bradykinin
What type of pain can be described as dull, achy, sharp, or burning as per the text?
Cancer pain
Which theory of pain describes the phases of nociception that include transmission, duration, and intensity of pain?
Intensity theory
Study Notes
Pain Management
- Pain can be classified as constant, intermittent, mild, moderate, or severe.
- Peripheral nerve fibers form synapses with neurons in the spinal cord, which ascend to the reticular activating system, limbic system, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.
Factors Influencing Pain
- Mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli can trigger pain.
- Psychological factors, such as past experience, depression, and anxiety, can influence pain perception.
- Physiological factors, such as age and gender, can also affect pain.
- Cultural background can modulate pain perception.
Modulation of Pain
- The descending system involves neurons in the brain stem sending signals back down to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
- Endogenous opioids (endorphins or enkephalins), serotonin, and norepinephrine are involved in pain modulation.
Pain Assessment
- Assessing pain involves the client's description of pain, factors that influence pain, and response to pain relief strategies.
- Pain assessment scales, such as the Eloisa scale, are used to measure pain.
Physical Assessment
- Physical assessment is a systematic way of collecting objective data from a client using four examination techniques.
- Transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation are the four stages of pain processing.
- Theories of pain include intensity theory, Cartesian theory, specificity theory, and gate control theory.
Types of Pain
- Acute pain lasts only through the expected recovery period and does not last longer than six months.
- Chronic pain is ongoing and lasts longer than six months.
- Cancer pain can be dull, achy, sharp, or burning.
- Other types of pain include radiating pain, referred pain, intractable pain, and phantom pain.
Nociceptors and Pain Receptors
- Nociceptors are classified into somatic, visceral, and neuropathic receptors.
- Noxious stimuli trigger the release of biochemical mediators or algogenic substances, such as bradykinin, prostaglandin, serotonin, histamine, and substance P.
Communication and Assessment
- Avoid using leading questions or multiple-choice questions that may confuse the client.
- Acknowledge the client's right to express their pain experience.
- Nonverbal communication, such as body language and voice tone, is important in pain assessment.
- Special considerations, such as gerontologic variations, should be taken into account when assessing pain.
Explore the mechanisms of pain perception, factors influencing pain, and the modulation of pain through the descending system. Learn about how peripheral nerve fibers transmit pain stimuli and how the brain processes these signals at different levels.
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