Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate lifetime prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

  • 1.6%
  • 2.5% (correct)
  • 3.0%
  • 4.5%

    • Which of the following is NOT commonly comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

  • Panic attacks
  • Social anxiety disorder
  • Bipolar disorder (correct)
  • Depression

    • How do cultural factors influence the presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

  • They can change the themes of obsessions based on cultural contexts. (correct)
  • They determine the age of onset for OCD.
  • They only affect the prevalence of OCD.
  • They have no impact on OCD expression.

    • What percentage of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) experience suicidal ideation?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic behavior of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

    <p>Repetitively checking their appearance in mirrors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key difference distinguishes hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Individuals with hoarding disorder do not feel upset about their behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates individuals with hoarding disorder regarding their possessions?

    <p>Belief that items may be needed in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is accurate?

    <p>People may spend excessive time grooming or checking mirrors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does excessive checking behavior have on executive processes?

    <p>It overloads executive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief is commonly held by individuals with OCD regarding their intrusive thoughts?

    <p>They believe their thoughts can directly influence events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inflated responsibility in the context of OCD?

    <p>A heightened belief in the ability to prevent harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought-action fusion (TAF)?

    <p>The belief that having certain thoughts can directly affect reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people with OCD typically respond to negative thoughts?

    <p>By trying to suppress these thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might contribute to feelings of mental contamination in OCD sufferers?

    <p>Sensations of dirtiness without physical contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is likely to experience moral thought-action fusion (TAF)?

    <p>Those in groups where the importance of thoughts is normative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of compulsive checking behaviors?

    <p>Deterioration in memory encoding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes obsessive thoughts in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?

    <p>They are intrusive and often appear unexpectedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a compulsion in OCD?

    <p>Repetitive checking of doors or windows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reaction individuals with OCD have towards their symptoms?

    <p>They often feel shame and secrecy about their symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does magical thinking relate to OCD?

    <p>It links specific behaviors to the prevention of dangers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does OCD typically begin to manifest in individuals?

    <p>Gradually in early adolescence or adulthood after a stressful event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common obsessive thought for individuals with OCD?

    <p>Fear of contamination and causing harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior might indicate OCD in children?

    <p>Hiding symptoms and rituals from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes compulsions in OCD?

    <p>They are excessive behaviors that provide momentary anxiety relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Task 4 - It is your fault

    • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions (recurring thoughts/images) or compulsions (ritualistic behaviors), or both.
    • Common obsessions include harming oneself/others, contamination fears, harm/accident thoughts, and unacceptable sexual thoughts.
    • Obsessions are often uncontrollable and distressing.
    • Compulsions include checking, washing, hoarding, hair-pulling, skin-picking, or arranging objects.
    • Compulsions aim to reduce the anxiety from obsessions.
    • OCD symptoms are often accompanied by shame and secrecy.
    • OCD is often linked to magical thinking.
    • DSM-5 criteria for OCD include: recurring and persistent unwanted thoughts, attempts to ignore these thoughts, repetitive behaviors or mental acts, and compulsions that are time-consuming or cause distress.
    • OCD symptoms aren't caused physically by substances or medical conditions.
    • OCD is not explained by another mental disorder.
    • Subtypes of OCD include good/fair insight, poor insight, absent insight/delusional beliefs, early-onset, hoarding, and tic-related, among others.
    • OCD onset is usually gradual, starting in adolescence or adulthood after a stressful event.
    • OCD is commonly comorbid with depression, panic attacks, social anxiety, etc.
    • Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) involves a preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance, which are exaggerated if there is an actual physical anomaly.
    • Appearance-related obsessions often lead to compulsive behaviors such as grooming, mirror checking.
    • Body dysmorphic disorder patients may spend several hours daily on their appearance-related preoccupations.
    • People with BDD may avoid social situations, become housebound, and even seek corrective surgery.
    • Hoarding disorder is characterized by collecting and difficulty discarding items which severely clutter the living space.
    • Hoarding individuals generally do not experience anxiety about their hoarding behavior.
    • Hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania) involves the compulsive pulling of one's hair.
    • Skin-picking disorder involves the compulsive picking of skin, leading to lesions, which can become infected and cause scars.

    Etiology of OCD

    • OCD is highly hereditary.
    • OCD can sometimes be associated with traumatic brain injury or encephalitis.
    • It can involve deficits in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia.
    • A circuit in the brain, that connects the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus is involved.
    • Dysfunction in this circuit can lead to inability to stop urges or stereotyped behaviors.
    • Evidence suggests the serotonin system plays a crucial role in OCD neurochemistry as well.
    • People with OCD experience difficulty with information processing, executive functions and certain kinds of memory.
    • Intrusive thoughts are frequently exacerbated by stress, depression, or anxiety, influencing distress and anxiety.

    Exposure and ritual prevention (ERP) Treatments

    • Exposure to feared thoughts/situations (with avoidance of compulsive rituals) is a core component.
    • The goal of ERP is to extinguish the anxiety response linked to feared situations.
    • ERP is effective for OCD, often in conjunction with CBT.

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

    • CBT for OCD aims to modify unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about fears, thoughts, rituals, etc.
    • CBT aims to encourage the modification of the sufferer's problematic thoughts/consequences.

    Pharmacological treatments

    • SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are commonly prescribed as part of an OCD treatment plan—they are both effective and relatively inexpensive.
    • SSRIs often result in decreased obsessions and compulsions in the patient.
    • There are second-line treatments that can be used if a patient hasn't responded to SSRIs.
    • Neurosurgery can be used when other methods are not successful.

    Inhibitory Learning Model of Extinction

    • Exposure therapy aims to create new associations between feared stimuli and non-threatening outcomes.
    • Inhibitory learning is not the elimination of the original feared response but a secondary inhibition that the feared stimulus does not predict harm.
    • The amygdala, involved in fear processing, is inhibited by the medial prefrontal cortex during extinction.

    Deficits in Inhibition and Anxiety Disorders

    • Many individuals with OCD have difficulties with inhibitory responses and show traits of elevated anxiety.
    • Difficulties in inhibitory learning are correlated with persistent anxiety and fear in response to exposure.

    Expectancy violation Treatment

    • The approach focuses on designing exposure treatments to maximize incongruence between expectations and actual outcomes.
    • This is different from other treatments which aim for habituation or reduced fear intensity.
    • Exposure treatments should continue until expectations about aversive outcomes are significantly reduced to less than 5%.
    • Attention is directed to the presence/absence of the feared outcome (CS-noUS).

    Variability

    • Exposing patients to feared stimuli repeatedly but in varying contexts, emotions and timings can improve therapy success rates.
    • Variability helps to prevent the development of an inflexible fear response or an over reliance on safety behaviors.

    Removal of Safety Signals

    • Safety signals—behaviors or situations that reduce anxiety are used by people with OCD.
    • However, preventing the use of these signals may produce more favorable long-term results.

    Abnormal vs. Normal Obsessions

    • Normal obsessions are common in people without a mental disorder.
    • Clinical obsessions are more frequent, intense and enduring.
    • Clinical obsessions are more resistant to dismissing and accompanied by more discomfort than non-clinical obsessions.

    Repeated checking and memory distrust

    • Repeated checking can correlate with decreased memory confidence, vividness and reduced memory detail and accuracy—this only holds true for relevant checking.
    • This may suggest that repeated relevant checking does correlate with the development of memory distrust in OCD.

    Thought Action Fusion (TAF)

    • TAF is the cognitive belief that simply thinking about undesirable events makes them more likely to occur. This is particularly problematic for sufferers who are prone to negative intrusive thoughts.
    • TAF is correlated with OCD, and it can lead the individual to fear their own thoughts.
    • The study of TAF is often complicated because it can be difficult to distinguish between simply thinking about a potential problem and taking concrete actions to prevent or resolve it.

    TAF in treatment

    • TAF often decreases in patients with successful OCD therapy (even if it's implicitly addressed).
    • Clinicians should consider strategies to address TAF in patients resistant to therapy.

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    Task 4 - It Is Your Fault - PDF

    Description

    This quiz delves into the intricacies of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), focusing on its symptoms, behaviors, and diagnostic criteria as per DSM-5. Explore the nuances between obsessions and compulsions, how they manifest, and the psychological underpinnings that accompany the disorder. Gain a deeper understanding of OCD, its subtypes, and the common misconceptions surrounding it.

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