Understanding Learning Theories

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In Pavlov's classical conditioning, what is the role of a stimulus that initially has no effect but gains significance through association?

Conditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Extinction Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (correct)

According to the information provided, in classical conditioning, the conditioned response is a voluntary action.

False (B)

Briefly explain how classical conditioning might be used to help patients manage anxiety in a healthcare setting.

Pairing relaxation techniques with a previously neutral stimulus to create a conditioned relaxation response.

Thorndike's Connectionism Theory emphasizes the relationship between a stimulus and a response through trial and ______.

error Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components to their correct associations in the context of classical conditioning:

Bell (before conditioning) = Neutral Stimulus Bell (after conditioning) = Conditioned Stimulus Salivation to the bell = Conditioned Response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the core principle of operant conditioning?

Learning is strengthened by rewards and weakened by punishments. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Contiguity theory posits that reinforcement is essential for learning to occur.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain the main focus of cognitivism in understanding behavior.

mental processes Signup and view all the answers

__________ is often used to describe the field of cognitive psychology.

information processing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of insight learning?

The sudden realization of a problem's solution without continuous trials. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of insight learning with their descriptions:

Preparation = Gathering data and acknowledging the insolubility of the problem. Incubation = A period where the problem is put on hold and processed unconsciously. Insight = The sudden mental representation and realization of a solution. Verification = Checking the validity and accuracy of the solution. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Rumelhart's Schema Theory?

Knowledge structures stored in memory that facilitate recall. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with insight learning?

A step-by-step, trial-and-error process. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism theory posits that new behavior is acquired based on:

environmental conditions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Ausubel's Assimilation Theory, new information is best learned when it cannot be linked to prior knowledge.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe how the Information-Processing Model of Memory applies in a nursing context when teaching a patient about managing orthostatic hypotension.

The nurse orients the patient, ensures sensory memory by clarifying points, tests short-term memory by asking the patient to repeat instructions, and encourages the patient to remember and apply the information later. Signup and view all the answers

Social Learning Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, suggests that people learn through observation, imitation, and ________.

modeling Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their corresponding descriptions in Social Learning Theory:

Attention = Behavior or value desired has caught the interest of the learner Retention = Recalls/remembers the behavior or value to be learned Motoric Reproduction = Learner imitates or emulates newly learned behavior Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Social Learning Theory, what is the role of reinforcement?

To motivate the learner to continue the imitated behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In cognitivism, learning can be defined as a passive process where the learner receives information without actively constructing meaning.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates the application of Assimilation Theory in a nursing context?

Reminding a second-time stroke patient of previous teachings and connecting those to their current lifestyle to prevent another stroke. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instructional strategies directly aims to create cognitive dissonance in students?

Presenting information that contradicts existing beliefs (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to connectivism, the most crucial skill is possessing a vast amount of current knowledge.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the online Mother's class example, what tool did Elizabeth use to gather initial thoughts from the participants about breastfeeding?

WORD GARDEN Signup and view all the answers

According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, a higher intention to perform a behavior results from a positive attitude towards the behavior and the belief that ______ want you to do it.

others Signup and view all the answers

The Transtheoretical Model, or Stages of Change Theory, is MOST useful in scenarios where the targeted behavior involves:

Discontinuing an unhealthy behavior (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match each principle with its corresponding theory:

Diversity of opinions as a source of learning = Connectivism Intention as predictor of behavior = Theory of Reasoned Action Stages of readiness for change = Stages of Change Theory Signup and view all the answers

According to Gagne's Conditions of Learning, different learning outcomes require:

Specific instructional designs tailored to each outcome. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Signal learning, according to Gagne's Conditions of Learning, represents one of the most complex levels of learning.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Model of Adult Learning (Andragogy), what primarily motivates adult learners?

Internal desires and relevance to their life or tasks (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the stage theory of memory, recently given information is harder for a student to remember.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of adult learning, what does being 'relevancy-oriented' mean?

Adults are motivated to learn if they benefit or have a reason to do so Signup and view all the answers

Successful transfer of learning depends on several factors, including the extent to which the material was originally ______.

learned Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Andragogy = Model of adult learning emphasizing self-direction and relevance. Self-Efficacy = Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Transfer of Learning = Applying knowledge or skills learned in one context to a different context. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult learners according to Malcolm Knowles' Andragogy?

They feel responsible for their own learning. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A training program aims to improve employees' problem-solving skills. Which factor, according to the principles of transfer of learning, would MOST contribute to the successful application of these skills on the job?

The training simulates real-world problems and scenarios that employees encounter in their roles. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the role of self-efficacy in behavior change?

It serves as a determinant of motivation, which influences behavior change. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Health Belief Model addresses an individual's belief about the chances of getting a condition?

Perceived Susceptibility (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, 'PROCEED' focuses primarily on the diagnostic and planning phases of a public health program.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to constructivism, how do individuals develop their understanding and knowledge of the world?

through experiences and reflection Signup and view all the answers

In the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the phase that involves analyzing behavior and environmental determinants is known as the ______ Assessment.

Behavioral and Environmental Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the Health Belief Model with their corresponding descriptions:

Perceived Susceptibility = Beliefs about the chances of getting a condition. Perceived Severity = Beliefs about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences. Perceived Benefits = Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk. Perceived Barriers = Beliefs about the tangible and psychological costs of taking action. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of 'social assessment' in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?

To determine social problems and needs of a population. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Activity-related affect refers to emotions experienced before an action is taken, influencing the likelihood of engaging in a particular behavior.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the nursing context, describe an example of an intervention that could be designed based on an educational and ecological assessment highlighting a community's willingness to learn.

Conduct workshops on healthy cooking. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Health Belief Model, the motivation to avoid illness and the belief that a specific health action will prevent it are two key components of ______ behavior.

health-related Signup and view all the answers

Which type of assessment in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model focuses on measuring changes in behavior after an intervention?

Impact Evaluation (A) Signup and view all the answers

In constructivism, the teacher is seen as the primary source of knowledge, and students passively receive information.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Referring to the first scenario in the text, give an example of a 'perceived barrier to action'.

New restaurants or food accounts on social media Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Health Belief Model, receiving information from the media or experiencing symptoms are examples of ______ that can trigger health-promoting behavior.

Cues to Action Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment relates to determining the willingness of administrators to cooperate and collaborate?

Administrative and Policy Assessment (D) Signup and view all the answers

Match elements from the example to the PRECEDE-PROCEED model

Community's overall diet lacks vegetables = Social Assessment Overweight BMIs and high BPs = Epidemiology Assessment Community members willing to learn = Educational and Ecological Assessment Barangay captain is willing to cooperate = Administrative and Policy Assessment Signup and view all the answers

Classical Conditioning

Learning through associations between a stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Connectionism Theory

Learning through associations between a stimulus and response.