Questions and Answers
What is classical conditioning?
What does operant conditioning involve?
Behavior and consequence
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Stimulus that elicits an automated response
What is an unconditioned response?
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is positive punishment?
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What is negative punishment?
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What does reinforcement mean?
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What does punishment mean?
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What are primary reinforcers?
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What are secondary reinforcers?
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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What is fixed interval reinforcement?
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What is variable interval reinforcement?
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What is fixed ratio reinforcement?
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What is variable ratio reinforcement?
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What is latent learning?
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What are the two forms of associative learning?
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What are the two types of responses?
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What does a conditioned stimulus do?
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What is stimulus generalization?
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What is habituation?
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Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Involves associating events or stimuli that occur together repeatedly.
- An unconditioned stimulus (like food) elicits an unconditioned response (such as salivation).
- A neutral stimulus (like a bell) can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
- Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.
- Two forms of reinforcement: primary (innate qualities like food) and secondary (gains reinforcing qualities through association).
Key Terms in Conditioning
- Unconditioned Stimulus: Stimulus that elicits an automatic response.
- Unconditioned Response: The automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
- Conditioned Stimulus: A neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Positive Reinforcement: Increases behavior by providing a rewarding stimulus.
- Negative Reinforcement: Increases behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
- Positive Punishment: Decreases behavior by adding an unpleasant consequence.
- Negative Punishment: Decreases behavior by taking away a pleasant stimulus.
Types of Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcer is given every time a behavior occurs.
- Fixed Interval: Reinforcement occurs at predictable time intervals.
- Variable Interval: Reinforcement occurs at unpredictable time intervals.
- Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.
- Variable Ratio: Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses.
Learning Concepts
- Latent Learning: Learning that occurs but is not immediately observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
- Stimulus Generalization: Associating similar stimuli with the same response.
- Habituation: A decline in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
Historical Context
- John B. Watson: Founder of Behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behaviors and the importance of conditioning in learning.
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Description
This quiz delves into the principles of classical and operant conditioning. Explore key terms and concepts that define the relationship between stimuli and responses, as well as the effects of reinforcement and punishment on behavior. Test your understanding and knowledge in this essential area of psychology.