Understanding Ideographic Explanations Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of research design provides information about the time-order of changes in variables?

Longitudinal designs (correct)

Case studies

Quasi-experiments

Cross-sectional designs

What type of design involves in-depth study of a single case, such as a person, family, or organization?

Cross-sectional designs

Case studies (correct)

Longitudinal designs

Quasi-experiments

Which interaction effect may limit the applicability of findings to individuals who were not pretested?

Selection and treatment interaction

Pretesting interaction effect (correct)

Setting and treatment interaction

History and treatment interaction

What might hinder the application of findings to different environments in a research design?

Setting and treatment interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of design involves observations at one point in time and does not include manipulation of the independent variable?

Cross-sectional designs Signup and view all the answers

What are the challenges associated with quasi-experiments?

Establishing internal validity Signup and view all the answers

What are the three criteria for measuring variables in social research?

Reliability, replicability, and validity Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative work, what does trustworthiness involve?

Credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability Signup and view all the answers

Why are true experiments rare in sociology or political science?

Due to ethical concerns and complex causes of interest Signup and view all the answers

Where do field experiments take place?

In real-life surroundings Signup and view all the answers

What are the key concepts relevant to experiments?

Experimental and control groups, random assignment, pre-test, and post-test measurements Signup and view all the answers

What threats to internal validity are mentioned in research designs?

History, testing, instrumentation, mortality, and maturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of theory in urban social research?

To assess the adequacy of a particular urban social theory Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not a part of a theory in the context of urban social research?

Historical Background Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes theories of the middle range from grand theories?

The scope and testability Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of conducting social scientific inquiry through deduction?

$Theory \rightarrow Data \rightarrow Testing$ Signup and view all the answers

How does one conduct inquiry through induction in social research?

$Data \rightarrow Theory$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of grand theories in urban social research?

To provide general and abstract explanations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of grounded theory?

Deriving theories from qualitative data Signup and view all the answers

Which research approach emphasizes understanding subjective meanings through inductive methods?

Interpretivism Signup and view all the answers

What does epistemology concern?

What constitutes knowledge and how it is acquired Signup and view all the answers

What does ontology deal with?

The nature of knowing, including objectivism and constructionism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research relies on empiricism and a deductive approach, striving for value-free scientific statements?

Positivism Signup and view all the answers

What can influence bias, topic choice, research questions, and conclusions in research?

Values Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) in Canada?

To provide for variation in research methods and be guided by core principles of Respect for Persons, Concern for Welfare, and Justice. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for obtaining ethics approval for qualitative research in Canada?

Flexibility for emerging themes may face restrictions from cautious REBs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Justice principle aim to prevent in Canadian research ethics?

Exploitation and systematically excluding any person or group from the benefits of research. Signup and view all the answers

When is REB approval required for Canadian research involving humans?

Before approaching people to be participants in the research. Signup and view all the answers

What are the core principles guiding the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) in Canada?

$Respect$ $for$ $Persons$, $Concern$ $for$ $Welfare$, and $Justice$ Signup and view all the answers

What does the Concern for Welfare principle focus on in Canadian research ethics?

Avoiding harm, embarrassment, and ensuring privacy and confidentiality in research. Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of charging stations on highways mentioned in the climate plan?

50,000 Signup and view all the answers

How many existing buildings and homes are projected to be retrofitted in the climate plan?

4 million buildings and 2 million homes Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected job creation estimate from the climate plan according to Wall Street firms?

18.6 million jobs Signup and view all the answers

How much more economic growth is projected from the climate plan compared to the opponent's proposal?

$1 trillion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the climate plan mentioned in the text?

Creating millions of new good paying jobs and cleaning the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of content analysis?

Analyzing and coding documents and texts Signup and view all the answers

What can be analyzed in content analysis in addition to words and subjects?

Value positions and presentation fronts Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key concerns in coding for content analysis?

Designing a coding schedule and where the data are recorded Signup and view all the answers

What does content analysis aim to uncover by examining documents and texts?

Who writes/reports, what gets written/reported, where it's written/reported, why it's written/reported, when it's written/reported, and what is left out Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of something that can be counted or analyzed in content analysis?

'Feminist/spirituality' as a word pairing Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in devising coding schemes for content analysis?

Ensuring mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes qualitative content analysis from quantitative content analysis?

Emphasis on context and hidden meanings in texts Signup and view all the answers

What does semiotics involve in the context of content analysis?

Science of signs and various terminology Signup and view all the answers

What is a focus of conversation analysis in the study of language?

Turn-taking and preference organization Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of content analysis as a research method?

Transparency and unobtrusiveness Signup and view all the answers

What did President Trump emphasize about the U.S. response to COVID-19?

The mortality rate is down 85% and spikes in certain states have dissipated Signup and view all the answers

What did Joe Biden criticize about Trump's handling of the pandemic?

Lack of comprehensive plan, masks, rapid testing, and national standards for reopening Signup and view all the answers

What did Trump emphasize regarding environmental efforts?

Trillion trees program and clean air and water Signup and view all the answers

What did Biden warn about in relation to climate change?

Existential threat and limited time to act Signup and view all the answers

How did the candidates present contrasting views on environmental policies?

Trump highlighted environmental achievements while Biden emphasized the urgency of addressing climate change Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Ethics in Canada: Key Principles and Considerations

All Canadian research involving humans requires approval from Research Ethics Boards (REBs).
REB approval must be obtained before approaching people to be participants in the research.
REBs are internal to affiliated institutions such as universities, colleges, government, and private companies.
Quantitative research is easier to obtain ethics approval for, as it involves a stated hypothesis and specific plan for testing.
Qualitative research, with its flexibility for emerging themes, may face restrictions from cautious REBs.
The Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) provides for variation in research methods and is guided by three core overlapping principles: Respect for Persons, Concern for Welfare, and Justice.
Respect for Persons principle emphasizes the need for informed consent, free and ongoing, and the dignified treatment of research subjects.
Concern for Welfare focuses on avoiding harm, embarrassment, and ensuring privacy and confidentiality in research.
Justice principle aims to prevent exploitation and systematically excluding any person or group from the benefits of research.
REB approval is also required for research involving secondary participants, and researchers may have a duty to report certain activities observed or disclosed during the research.
Inclusivity and intersubjectivity are important considerations in social science research to ensure representation and respectful treatment of research subjects.
The principle of no harm should guide research, ensuring that the potential benefits outweigh any potential harm or risks, and participants have the ability to opt-out at any time.

COVID-19 Response and Climate Change Debate Highlights

President Trump claimed that 2.2 million deaths were initially expected from COVID-19, and highlighted the U.S. response, including a vaccine ready for announcement and distribution through Operation Warp Speed.
Trump stated that the mortality rate is down 85% and that spikes in Florida, Texas, and Arizona have now dissipated, emphasizing personal recovery from COVID-19 and being immune.
Trump asserted that the U.S. is praised by other countries for its COVID-19 response, and emphasized the production and distribution of medical supplies, predicting the pandemic will soon go away.
Joe Biden criticized Trump's handling of the pandemic, citing the 220,000 American deaths and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive plan, masks, rapid testing, and national standards for reopening.
Biden referenced a New England Medical Journal article criticizing Trump's response to the crisis as "absolutely tragic," and pledged to address the pandemic and implement a plan.
Trump highlighted environmental efforts, including the trillion trees program and emphasized clean air and water, low carbon emissions, and the decision to withdraw from the Paris Accord due to unfair treatment and potential job losses.
Trump criticized China, Russia, and India's environmental conditions and the Paris Accord's impact on U.S. businesses, asserting that the U.S. has made significant environmental progress.
Biden warned of the existential threat of climate change and the urgent need to address it, emphasizing the moral obligation and the limited time to act, criticizing Trump's removal of environmental regulations.
Biden expressed concern that four more years of Trump's policies could lead to significant trouble in addressing climate change.
The debate showcased differing perspectives on the COVID-19 response, with Trump emphasizing progress and a forthcoming vaccine, while Biden criticized the current approach and pledged to implement a comprehensive plan. Additionally, the candidates presented contrasting views on environmental policies, with Trump highlighting environmental achievements and Biden emphasizing the urgency of addressing climate change.

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Test your knowledge of ideographic explanations, which involve rich descriptions specific to individuals or groups. Learn about the characteristics and limitations of ideographic explanations through practical examples and scenarios.