Ideographic Explanations Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of theory, as mentioned in the text?

To test specific urban social problems

To describe the components of urban social theory

To explain observed regularities or patterns

To assess the adequacy of a particular urban social theory (correct)

What are the components of a theory according to the text?

Assumptions, variables, statistical analyses

Observations, experiments, conclusions

Hypotheses, predictions, experimental results

Definitions, descriptions of phenomena, relational statements (correct)

What distinguishes theories of the middle range from grand theories?

The level of abstraction

The scope and testability (correct)

The depth of historical analysis

The number of supporting research studies

How does one conduct social scientific inquiry through deduction?

Begin with a theory or explanation, then test it in the world Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between deduction and induction in social scientific inquiry?

$Deduction$: starting with a theory and testing it; $Induction$: starting with data and deriving a theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the formation of theory according to the text?

Predetermined theory that brings one to look at social interaction through a particular framework. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?

To distribute participants between groups and minimize the effects of confounding variables. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity ensures that the conclusions accurately represent the measured phenomenon?

Measurement validity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason experiments are less common in sociology and political science?

Ethical concerns and complex causes make it challenging to establish causal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of field experiments?

To enhance external validity by conducting experiments in real-life settings. Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion is related to trustworthiness in qualitative work?

Dependability Signup and view all the answers

What does internal validity aim to establish in social research?

Causation by controlling other variables. Signup and view all the answers

Which research approach prioritizes data over theory?

Grounded theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of epistemology?

Acquisition of knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which ontological position states that social phenomena have a reality independent of perceptions?

Objectivism Signup and view all the answers

What do nomothetic explanations involve?

Attribution of cause and effect and expression of general laws and principles Signup and view all the answers

'Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness' are the three rules related to which type of explanations?

Nomothetic explanations Signup and view all the answers

'Experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative' are types of what?

Research designs Signup and view all the answers

Which research design element involves taking observations at one point in time and does not include a manipulation of the independent variable?

Cross-Sectional Design Signup and view all the answers

What type of study involves examining cases at a particular time (T1) and again at a later time (T2, T3, etc.) to establish the direction of causation?

Cohort Study Signup and view all the answers

Which type of case study examines a case or context never before studied?

Revelatory Case Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of longitudinal designs?

Attrition over time Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with cross-sectional studies regarding establishing the direction of causation?

Reciprocal causation between variables Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes quasi-experiments from true experiments?

Harder to establish internal validity Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) emphasizes the need for informed consent and dignified treatment of research subjects?

Respect for Persons Signup and view all the answers

In which type of research is obtaining informed consent impractical due to the nature of participant observation and the potential for emerging themes?

Ethnography (qualitative) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in maintaining privacy and confidentiality in qualitative research, especially when dealing with pseudonyms and detailed analysis?

Avoiding inadvertent identification Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge in dealing with secondary participants in a research setting?

Historical lack of attention to privacy and consent concerns Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized by the principle of Justice in research ethics?

Avoiding exploitation and ensuring inclusivity Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial requirement when potential harm and risks outweigh the risks of everyday life in a research project?

Informed consent as a minimum requirement Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting pre-test and post-test measurements in experiments?

To assess changes in the dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity ensures that the conclusions accurately represent the measured phenomenon?

External validity Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes field experiments from laboratory experiments?

Field experiments enhance external validity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason experiments are less common in sociology and political science?

Ethical concerns and complex causes Signup and view all the answers

'Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness' are the three rules related to which type of explanations?

Nomothetic explanations Signup and view all the answers

What are three criteria for measuring variables?

Reliability, replicability, and validity. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of theory is limited in scope and can be tested directly?

Theories of the middle range Signup and view all the answers

What does induction involve in social scientific inquiry?

Gathering or examining data to derive a theory or explanation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of theories according to the text?

To explain observed regularities or patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which principle guides social scientific inquiry through deduction?

$Theory$ $of$ $Deduction$ Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a theory as mentioned in the text?

$Definitions$, $descriptions$, $and$ $relational$ $statements$ Signup and view all the answers

In what way does one conduct social scientific inquiry through deduction?

$By$ $testing$ $predetermined$ $theories$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Research Ethics Boards (REBs) in Canada?

To ensure that all Canadian research involving humans has REB approval Signup and view all the answers

Why might qualitative research be more complex for REBs to approve?

Due to flexibility and potential identification of participants Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental principle of Respect for Persons according to Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2)?

Informed consent requiring participants to be fully informed and able to understand and consent Signup and view all the answers

What does Welfare in research primarily refer to?

Avoiding harm, embarrassment, and inadvertent identification, and ensuring privacy and confidentiality Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in maintaining privacy and confidentiality in qualitative research?

'Potential identification of participants' and locations Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial requirement to minimize potential harm and risks in research projects?

Obtaining informed consent from participants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of epistemology?

Understanding what constitutes knowledge and how it is acquired Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes nomothetic explanations from idiographic explanations?

Nomothetic explanations focus on general laws and principles, while idiographic explanations focus on unique characteristics of a particular case Signup and view all the answers

What are the three rules of causation in nomothetic explanations?

Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of research design in social sciences?

To provide a framework for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions Signup and view all the answers

'Experimental', 'quasi-experimental', 'correlational', and 'qualitative' are types of what?

'Research designs' Signup and view all the answers

'Positivism' is an epistemological position that emphasizes what?

'Empirical evidence' Signup and view all the answers

What is the interaction effect that may limit applicability to people not pretested?

Pretesting and applicability Signup and view all the answers

Which research design involves observing at one point in time, with no before and after comparisons or independent variable manipulation?

Cross-Sectional Design Signup and view all the answers

What is the main drawback of Longitudinal Design?

Attrition and panel conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study offers in-depth descriptions of a single case but may have limited external validity?

Case Studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Quasi-Experiments and true experiments?

Use of naturally occurring phenomena or changes introduced by non-researchers Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential threat to external validity related to differences between control and experimental groups?

Interaction effect of pretesting Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inductive research in social sciences can be iterative, with researchers going back and forth from data to theory.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach where data has primacy over theory.
It involves understanding how social spaces function and what controls the formation of neighborhoods.
Epistemology is concerned with what constitutes knowledge and how it is acquired.
Positivism is an epistemological position that knowledge must be based on empirical evidence, relying on scientific statements.
Interpretivism is an epistemological position that emphasizes understanding subjective meanings of people's actions.
Objectivism is an ontological position stating social phenomena have a reality independent of perceptions.
Constructionism is an ontological position that what passes for reality is a set of mental constructions.
Quantitative and qualitative research have different values, methods, and considerations.
A research design is a framework for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions.
Nomothetic explanations involve attribution of cause and effect and express general laws and principles.
The three rules of causation in nomothetic explanations are correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness.
Grounded theory examples: "What attracts people most is other people," "People do like basics," "The human backside is a dimension architects seem to have forgotten."
Epistemological positions: Positivism emphasizes empirical evidence, while Interpretivism focuses on understanding meaning.
Ontological positions: Objectivism views social reality as independent of perceptions, while Constructionism views it as a set of mental constructions.
Orientations: Quantitative and Qualitative research have different values, methods, and considerations.
Research design: It is a framework for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions.
Choice of research design depends on the kind of explanation sought.
Nomothetic explanations involve attribution of cause and effect and express general laws and principles.
The three rules of causation in nomothetic explanations are correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness.
Research subjects/participants: Who gets access and strings attached.
Research findings: What sorts of findings are 'acceptable' to those who fund or publish research.
Practical considerations: The choice of research method should match the research question.
A research question states the purpose of the study in the form of a question, and it should be clear, specific, researchable, related to established theory, and allow for a contribution to existing knowledge.
Social research values: Research should be value-free, open and explicit about values, or researchers should use their values to direct and interpret their investigations.
Politics: Researchers sometimes 'take sides' and face funding and access issues.
Epistemological and ontological positions: Positivism, Interpretivism, Objectivism, and Constructionism.
Nomothetic and idiographic explanations: Nomothetic explanations involve attribution of cause and effect, while idiographic explanations focus on the unique characteristics of a particular case.
CAUSATION: The three rules are of correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness.
Research design: It is a plan for the collection and analysis of data to answer research questions.
Research design includes: formulation of research questions, choice of method, collection and analysis of data, and interpretation of findings.
Research designs: Experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative designs.
Research design depends on the type of research question and the research context.
Correlation: The relationship between two variables, expressed as a coefficient.
Time order: The causing factor must increase before the dependent factor, else the interpretation is wrong.
Non-spuriousness: There must not be a third factor which explains the relationship.
The prevalence of suicide in a particular social group is a function of the level of integration individuals typically have in the group.
IDEOGRAPHIC explanations provide detailed descriptions of individuals or groups, but do not apply to all persons or groups.
Example of IDEOGRAPHIC explanation: Jade's addiction to crack was caused by her unresolved issues with her parents' divorce, lack of acceptance by friends, and a classmate offering her crack.
Teenage homeless often avoid shelters to maintain their privacy.
CAUSALITY in social research is related to variables, which are characteristics or attributes of data that change.
Three criteria for measuring variables: reliability, replicability, and validity.
Reliability: results remain consistent when measured with the same technique and remain uninfluenced by external factors.
Replicability: results can be reproduced by others following the same procedures.
Validity: conclusions have integrity and accurately represent the measured phenomenon.
Three types of validity: measurement validity, internal validity, and external validity.
Measurement validity: measures what is intended to be measured.
Internal validity: establishes causation by controlling other variables.
External validity: findings are applicable to situations outside the research environment and can be generalized to other populations.
Criteria for qualitative work: trustworthiness, including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.
Experiments are research designs used to examine causal relationships, but are less common in sociology and political science due to ethical concerns and complex causes.
Two types of experiments: field and laboratory.
Field experiments are conducted in real-life settings, enhancing external validity.
Laboratory experiments take place in artificial environments, improving internal validity and making it easier to control variables.
Experiments involve manipulating an independent variable and observing the effects on a dependent variable.
Experimental or treatment group receives the manipulation.
Control group does not receive the manipulation.
Random assignment is used to distribute participants between groups.
Pre-test and post-test measurements are taken to assess changes in the dependent variable.
Threats to internal validity in experiments include history, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
Selection: Differences between control and experimental groups may be due to pre-existing differences. This is a threat to external validity.
Research Design: Interaction of selection and treatment may limit generalizability to people outside the experiment.
Research Design: Interaction of setting and treatment may limit applicability to environments different from the experiment.
Research Design: Interaction of history and treatment may limit applicability to different time periods.
Research Design: Interaction effect of pretesting may limit applicability to people not pretested, as few are pre-tested in society.
Research Design: Reactive effects of experimental arrangements may invalidate findings due to subjects behaving atypically.
Research Design: Quasi-Experiments differ from true experiments in establishing internal validity, using naturally occurring phenomena or changes introduced by non-researchers.
Research Design: Cross-Sectional Design involves observing at one point in time, with no before and after comparisons or independent variable manipulation.
Research Design: Longitudinal Design examines cases at multiple times, providing information about time-order of changes and causation, but with drawbacks such as attrition and panel conditioning.
Research Design: Case Studies offer in-depth descriptions of a single case, but may have limited external validity and are not the main reason for doing the study.
Case Studies: Types of studies include critical, extreme, and revelatory, each providing unique insights into a particular case or context.

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Test your understanding of ideographic explanations in psychology with this quiz. Learn about rich descriptions of individuals or groups and how they apply specifically to the subjects studied.

Ideographic Explanations Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of theory, as mentioned in the text?

What are the components of a theory according to the text?

What distinguishes theories of the middle range from grand theories?

How does one conduct social scientific inquiry through deduction?

What is the main difference between deduction and induction in social scientific inquiry?

What is the formation of theory according to the text?

What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?

Which type of validity ensures that the conclusions accurately represent the measured phenomenon?

What is the primary reason experiments are less common in sociology and political science?

What is the purpose of field experiments?

Which criterion is related to trustworthiness in qualitative work?

What does internal validity aim to establish in social research?

Which research approach prioritizes data over theory?

What is the focus of epistemology?

Which ontological position states that social phenomena have a reality independent of perceptions?

What do nomothetic explanations involve?

'Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness' are the three rules related to which type of explanations?

'Experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative' are types of what?

Which research design element involves taking observations at one point in time and does not include a manipulation of the independent variable?

What type of study involves examining cases at a particular time (T1) and again at a later time (T2, T3, etc.) to establish the direction of causation?

Which type of case study examines a case or context never before studied?

What is a drawback of longitudinal designs?

What is a potential issue with cross-sectional studies regarding establishing the direction of causation?

What distinguishes quasi-experiments from true experiments?

Which principle of the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) emphasizes the need for informed consent and dignified treatment of research subjects?

In which type of research is obtaining informed consent impractical due to the nature of participant observation and the potential for emerging themes?

What is a key consideration in maintaining privacy and confidentiality in qualitative research, especially when dealing with pseudonyms and detailed analysis?

What is a potential challenge in dealing with secondary participants in a research setting?

Which aspect is emphasized by the principle of Justice in research ethics?

What is a crucial requirement when potential harm and risks outweigh the risks of everyday life in a research project?

What is the purpose of conducting pre-test and post-test measurements in experiments?

Which type of validity ensures that the conclusions accurately represent the measured phenomenon?

What distinguishes field experiments from laboratory experiments?

What is the primary reason experiments are less common in sociology and political science?

'Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness' are the three rules related to which type of explanations?

What are three criteria for measuring variables?

Which type of theory is limited in scope and can be tested directly?

What does induction involve in social scientific inquiry?

What is the purpose of theories according to the text?

Which principle guides social scientific inquiry through deduction?

What are the components of a theory as mentioned in the text?

In what way does one conduct social scientific inquiry through deduction?

What is the primary purpose of Research Ethics Boards (REBs) in Canada?

Why might qualitative research be more complex for REBs to approve?

What is a fundamental principle of Respect for Persons according to Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2)?

What does Welfare in research primarily refer to?

What is a key consideration in maintaining privacy and confidentiality in qualitative research?

What is a crucial requirement to minimize potential harm and risks in research projects?

What is the primary focus of epistemology?

What distinguishes nomothetic explanations from idiographic explanations?

What are the three rules of causation in nomothetic explanations?

What is the purpose of research design in social sciences?

'Experimental', 'quasi-experimental', 'correlational', and 'qualitative' are types of what?

'Positivism' is an epistemological position that emphasizes what?

What is the interaction effect that may limit applicability to people not pretested?

Which research design involves observing at one point in time, with no before and after comparisons or independent variable manipulation?

What is the main drawback of Longitudinal Design?

Which type of study offers in-depth descriptions of a single case but may have limited external validity?

What is the primary difference between Quasi-Experiments and true experiments?

What is a potential threat to external validity related to differences between control and experimental groups?

Study Notes

Studying That Suits You

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