Ideographic Explanations Quiz
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What is the purpose of theory, as mentioned in the text?

  • To test specific urban social problems
  • To describe the components of urban social theory
  • To explain observed regularities or patterns
  • To assess the adequacy of a particular urban social theory (correct)

    • What are the components of a theory according to the text?

  • Assumptions, variables, statistical analyses
  • Observations, experiments, conclusions
  • Hypotheses, predictions, experimental results
  • Definitions, descriptions of phenomena, relational statements (correct)

    • What distinguishes theories of the middle range from grand theories?

  • The level of abstraction
  • The scope and testability (correct)
  • The depth of historical analysis
  • The number of supporting research studies

    • How does one conduct social scientific inquiry through deduction?

    <p>Begin with a theory or explanation, then test it in the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between deduction and induction in social scientific inquiry?

    <p>$Deduction$: starting with a theory and testing it; $Induction$: starting with data and deriving a theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formation of theory according to the text?

    <p>Predetermined theory that brings one to look at social interaction through a particular framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?

    <p>To distribute participants between groups and minimize the effects of confounding variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity ensures that the conclusions accurately represent the measured phenomenon?

    <p>Measurement validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason experiments are less common in sociology and political science?

    <p>Ethical concerns and complex causes make it challenging to establish causal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of field experiments?

    <p>To enhance external validity by conducting experiments in real-life settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion is related to trustworthiness in qualitative work?

    <p>Dependability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internal validity aim to establish in social research?

    <p>Causation by controlling other variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach prioritizes data over theory?

    <p>Grounded theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of epistemology?

    <p>Acquisition of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ontological position states that social phenomena have a reality independent of perceptions?

    <p>Objectivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nomothetic explanations involve?

    <p>Attribution of cause and effect and expression of general laws and principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness' are the three rules related to which type of explanations?

    <p>Nomothetic explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative' are types of what?

    <p>Research designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design element involves taking observations at one point in time and does not include a manipulation of the independent variable?

    <p>Cross-Sectional Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study involves examining cases at a particular time (T1) and again at a later time (T2, T3, etc.) to establish the direction of causation?

    <p>Cohort Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of case study examines a case or context never before studied?

    <p>Revelatory Case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of longitudinal designs?

    <p>Attrition over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with cross-sectional studies regarding establishing the direction of causation?

    <p>Reciprocal causation between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes quasi-experiments from true experiments?

    <p>Harder to establish internal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) emphasizes the need for informed consent and dignified treatment of research subjects?

    <p>Respect for Persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of research is obtaining informed consent impractical due to the nature of participant observation and the potential for emerging themes?

    <p>Ethnography (qualitative)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration in maintaining privacy and confidentiality in qualitative research, especially when dealing with pseudonyms and detailed analysis?

    <p>Avoiding inadvertent identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential challenge in dealing with secondary participants in a research setting?

    <p>Historical lack of attention to privacy and consent concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is emphasized by the principle of Justice in research ethics?

    <p>Avoiding exploitation and ensuring inclusivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial requirement when potential harm and risks outweigh the risks of everyday life in a research project?

    <p>Informed consent as a minimum requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting pre-test and post-test measurements in experiments?

    <p>To assess changes in the dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity ensures that the conclusions accurately represent the measured phenomenon?

    <p>External validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes field experiments from laboratory experiments?

    <p>Field experiments enhance external validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason experiments are less common in sociology and political science?

    <p>Ethical concerns and complex causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness' are the three rules related to which type of explanations?

    <p>Nomothetic explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three criteria for measuring variables?

    <p>Reliability, replicability, and validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of theory is limited in scope and can be tested directly?

    <p>Theories of the middle range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does induction involve in social scientific inquiry?

    <p>Gathering or examining data to derive a theory or explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of theories according to the text?

    <p>To explain observed regularities or patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle guides social scientific inquiry through deduction?

    <p>$Theory$ $of$ $Deduction$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a theory as mentioned in the text?

    <p>$Definitions$, $descriptions$, $and$ $relational$ $statements$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does one conduct social scientific inquiry through deduction?

    <p>$By$ $testing$ $predetermined$ $theories$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Research Ethics Boards (REBs) in Canada?

    <p>To ensure that all Canadian research involving humans has REB approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might qualitative research be more complex for REBs to approve?

    <p>Due to flexibility and potential identification of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental principle of Respect for Persons according to Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2)?

    <p>Informed consent requiring participants to be fully informed and able to understand and consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Welfare in research primarily refer to?

    <p>Avoiding harm, embarrassment, and inadvertent identification, and ensuring privacy and confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration in maintaining privacy and confidentiality in qualitative research?

    <p>'Potential identification of participants' and locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial requirement to minimize potential harm and risks in research projects?

    <p>Obtaining informed consent from participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of epistemology?

    <p>Understanding what constitutes knowledge and how it is acquired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes nomothetic explanations from idiographic explanations?

    <p>Nomothetic explanations focus on general laws and principles, while idiographic explanations focus on unique characteristics of a particular case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three rules of causation in nomothetic explanations?

    <p>Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of research design in social sciences?

    <p>To provide a framework for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Experimental', 'quasi-experimental', 'correlational', and 'qualitative' are types of what?

    <p>'Research designs'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Positivism' is an epistemological position that emphasizes what?

    <p>'Empirical evidence'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction effect that may limit applicability to people not pretested?

    <p>Pretesting and applicability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design involves observing at one point in time, with no before and after comparisons or independent variable manipulation?

    <p>Cross-Sectional Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of Longitudinal Design?

    <p>Attrition and panel conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study offers in-depth descriptions of a single case but may have limited external validity?

    <p>Case Studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Quasi-Experiments and true experiments?

    <p>Use of naturally occurring phenomena or changes introduced by non-researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential threat to external validity related to differences between control and experimental groups?

    <p>Interaction effect of pretesting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Inductive research in social sciences can be iterative, with researchers going back and forth from data to theory.

    • Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach where data has primacy over theory.

    • It involves understanding how social spaces function and what controls the formation of neighborhoods.

    • Epistemology is concerned with what constitutes knowledge and how it is acquired.

    • Positivism is an epistemological position that knowledge must be based on empirical evidence, relying on scientific statements.

    • Interpretivism is an epistemological position that emphasizes understanding subjective meanings of people's actions.

    • Objectivism is an ontological position stating social phenomena have a reality independent of perceptions.

    • Constructionism is an ontological position that what passes for reality is a set of mental constructions.

    • Quantitative and qualitative research have different values, methods, and considerations.

    • A research design is a framework for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions.

    • Nomothetic explanations involve attribution of cause and effect and express general laws and principles.

    • The three rules of causation in nomothetic explanations are correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness.

    • Grounded theory examples: "What attracts people most is other people," "People do like basics," "The human backside is a dimension architects seem to have forgotten."

    • Epistemological positions: Positivism emphasizes empirical evidence, while Interpretivism focuses on understanding meaning.

    • Ontological positions: Objectivism views social reality as independent of perceptions, while Constructionism views it as a set of mental constructions.

    • Orientations: Quantitative and Qualitative research have different values, methods, and considerations.

    • Research design: It is a framework for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions.

    • Choice of research design depends on the kind of explanation sought.

    • Nomothetic explanations involve attribution of cause and effect and express general laws and principles.

    • The three rules of causation in nomothetic explanations are correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness.

    • Research subjects/participants: Who gets access and strings attached.

    • Research findings: What sorts of findings are 'acceptable' to those who fund or publish research.

    • Practical considerations: The choice of research method should match the research question.

    • A research question states the purpose of the study in the form of a question, and it should be clear, specific, researchable, related to established theory, and allow for a contribution to existing knowledge.

    • Social research values: Research should be value-free, open and explicit about values, or researchers should use their values to direct and interpret their investigations.

    • Politics: Researchers sometimes 'take sides' and face funding and access issues.

    • Epistemological and ontological positions: Positivism, Interpretivism, Objectivism, and Constructionism.

    • Nomothetic and idiographic explanations: Nomothetic explanations involve attribution of cause and effect, while idiographic explanations focus on the unique characteristics of a particular case.

    • CAUSATION: The three rules are of correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness.

    • Research design: It is a plan for the collection and analysis of data to answer research questions.

    • Research design includes: formulation of research questions, choice of method, collection and analysis of data, and interpretation of findings.

    • Research designs: Experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative designs.

    • Research design depends on the type of research question and the research context.

    • Correlation: The relationship between two variables, expressed as a coefficient.

    • Time order: The causing factor must increase before the dependent factor, else the interpretation is wrong.

    • Non-spuriousness: There must not be a third factor which explains the relationship.

    • The prevalence of suicide in a particular social group is a function of the level of integration individuals typically have in the group.

    • IDEOGRAPHIC explanations provide detailed descriptions of individuals or groups, but do not apply to all persons or groups.

    • Example of IDEOGRAPHIC explanation: Jade's addiction to crack was caused by her unresolved issues with her parents' divorce, lack of acceptance by friends, and a classmate offering her crack.

    • Teenage homeless often avoid shelters to maintain their privacy.

    • CAUSALITY in social research is related to variables, which are characteristics or attributes of data that change.

    • Three criteria for measuring variables: reliability, replicability, and validity.

    • Reliability: results remain consistent when measured with the same technique and remain uninfluenced by external factors.

    • Replicability: results can be reproduced by others following the same procedures.

    • Validity: conclusions have integrity and accurately represent the measured phenomenon.

    • Three types of validity: measurement validity, internal validity, and external validity.

    • Measurement validity: measures what is intended to be measured.

    • Internal validity: establishes causation by controlling other variables.

    • External validity: findings are applicable to situations outside the research environment and can be generalized to other populations.

    • Criteria for qualitative work: trustworthiness, including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.

    • Experiments are research designs used to examine causal relationships, but are less common in sociology and political science due to ethical concerns and complex causes.

    • Two types of experiments: field and laboratory.

    • Field experiments are conducted in real-life settings, enhancing external validity.

    • Laboratory experiments take place in artificial environments, improving internal validity and making it easier to control variables.

    • Experiments involve manipulating an independent variable and observing the effects on a dependent variable.

    • Experimental or treatment group receives the manipulation.

    • Control group does not receive the manipulation.

    • Random assignment is used to distribute participants between groups.

    • Pre-test and post-test measurements are taken to assess changes in the dependent variable.

    • Threats to internal validity in experiments include history, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.

    • Selection: Differences between control and experimental groups may be due to pre-existing differences. This is a threat to external validity.

    • Research Design: Interaction of selection and treatment may limit generalizability to people outside the experiment.

    • Research Design: Interaction of setting and treatment may limit applicability to environments different from the experiment.

    • Research Design: Interaction of history and treatment may limit applicability to different time periods.

    • Research Design: Interaction effect of pretesting may limit applicability to people not pretested, as few are pre-tested in society.

    • Research Design: Reactive effects of experimental arrangements may invalidate findings due to subjects behaving atypically.

    • Research Design: Quasi-Experiments differ from true experiments in establishing internal validity, using naturally occurring phenomena or changes introduced by non-researchers.

    • Research Design: Cross-Sectional Design involves observing at one point in time, with no before and after comparisons or independent variable manipulation.

    • Research Design: Longitudinal Design examines cases at multiple times, providing information about time-order of changes and causation, but with drawbacks such as attrition and panel conditioning.

    • Research Design: Case Studies offer in-depth descriptions of a single case, but may have limited external validity and are not the main reason for doing the study.

    • Case Studies: Types of studies include critical, extreme, and revelatory, each providing unique insights into a particular case or context.

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    Test your understanding of ideographic explanations in psychology with this quiz. Learn about rich descriptions of individuals or groups and how they apply specifically to the subjects studied.

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