Understanding Id, Ego, and Superego

The key characteristics when forming first impressions include trustworthiness/warmth and competence/dominance (where they are on social hierarchy).

The primacy effect is the tendency to remember information encountered first, at the beginning of a list, influencing overall perception.

Factors that limit the accuracy of first impressions include impression management strategies (self promotion, ingratiation, exemplification, intimidation, supplication), heuristics such as false consensus effect and transference, and confirmation bias.

<p>First impressions are not accurate because they may pick up on facial expressions influenced by fleeting emotions, which are not representative of personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moving toward people- A compliant, submissive person, Moving against people- An aggressive, domineering person, Moving away from people- A detached, aloof person</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accepting of themselves, others, and the nature of world for what they are, Being independent, democratic, and very creative, Having peak experiences (deep insight, wonder, awe, or ecstasy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acceptance and approval without conditions, Empathy from others, and having others be genuine with respect to their own feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>9-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher in Men: Antisocial PD, Narcissistic PD; Higher in Women: Dependent, Histrionic, Borderline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of the individual’s culture in at least 2 of the following areas, pattern is inflexible and pervasive across different situations, It causes clinically significant distress or impairment, The pattern is stable and it has early onset (traced back to at least adolescence or early adulthood)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ego-syntonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comorbidity among PDs very high --&gt; People with a PD have an average of 6 comorbid PDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for security, rather than a sense of inferiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasizes conscious free will and uniqueness of the individual person, and personal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factor analysis and other statistical techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cluster A - Odd/Eccentric (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal), Cluster B – Dramatic/Erratic (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic), Cluster C – Anxious/Fearful (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-compulsive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others - Tendency to see self as blameless - On guard for perceived attacks/betrayal by others</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Pervasive detachment from social relationships - Low pleasure - Flat emotional expressions</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Instability of emotions, relationships, identity - Impulsive behavior - Feelings of emptiness</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Grandiosity - Preoccupied with unlimited success - Requires excessive admiration</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme social avoidance, introversion, loneliness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Perfectionism - Excessive concern for order and control - Preoccupied with rules</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Dangerous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological disorders result from an interaction between biological factors, psychological experiences and one's social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age of onset, risk factors, course of disorder/evolution over time, prevalence rates, gender differences, cultural context</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occurs when we develop an attitude of giving up because we have had past experience of being unable to control things</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self–centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attribution theory explains how people perceive and attribute the cause of experiences and behaviors to internal or external factors. For example, if someone performs well in a test, they may attribute it to their intelligence (internal factor) or the ease of the test (external factor).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-serving bias is the tendency for individuals to maintain their self-esteem by attributing positive outcomes to their own actions and negative outcomes to external factors. An example could be a student attributing a good grade to their hard work (internal factor) but attributing a poor grade to a difficult exam (external factor).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize internal dispositions and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior. This can lead to judgments about others that may not accurately reflect the influence of their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualistic societies prioritize individual agency over situational factors, such as the USA. Collectivistic societies prioritize harmony and are more sensitive to situational factors, such as many East Asian cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotypes are automatic associations of specific groups with certain characteristics. They are often perpetuated by media and culture through repeated portrayals and representations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prejudice is a negative bias against a person based on their perceived group. It can manifest in interactions through unfair treatment or negative attitudes towards individuals based on their group membership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination refers to negative behaviors directed against people due to their group membership. An example could be a company refusing to hire individuals based on their race or gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social categorization is the natural tendency of humans to categorize the world into different social groups based on shared characteristics. An example could be people categorizing individuals based on their clothing style or accent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In-group favoritism refers to giving preferential treatment to members of one's own group. It can influence social dynamics by creating biases in favor of one's own group over others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Out-group derogation involves treating the outgroup with hostility and making negative evaluations about the outgroup. This might occur in intergroup competitions or conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social influence occurs when people are influenced by the idea that others are watching them, leading to conformity and obedience in order to fit in or comply with perceived expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media and culture can perpetuate stereotypes and prejudice through repeated portrayals of certain groups and reinforcement of biased beliefs through societal norms and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burger's 2009 study replicated Milgram's study with a maximum voltage of 150V, showing a decrease in obedience from 90% to 70%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instrumental aggression aims to achieve something, while hostile aggression is reactive. An example of instrumental aggression is planning a physical attack to steal money, while an example of hostile aggression is road rage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theories of aggression include gender differences, neural influences, environmental influences, and social learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosocial behavior includes actions intended to benefit others, altruism, reciprocal altruism, and the norm of reciprocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help a victim in the presence of others due to diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mere exposure effect states that the more one is exposed to a stimulus, the more they like it, while the halo effect attributes positive qualities to attractive people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment theory emphasizes strong emotional bonds with caretakers as a survival strategy, leading to various attachment styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality is defined as stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting. Historical approaches include phrenology, projective tests, and body somatotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributions and critiques of psychoanalytic theory highlight its impact on understanding human personality and the importance of early development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freud's theory includes three levels of awareness: conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Id represents our biological instinctual drives, the Ego mediates between the Id's desires and reality, and the Superego represents our conscience and idealized standards of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification without concern for consequences. It is entirely unconscious and includes biological instinctual drives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ego mediates between the Id's needs and the constraints of reality, finding realistic and socially acceptable outlets for the Id's desires. It starts developing in the first year of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Superego represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behavior, often conflicting with the demands of the Id. This conflict requires the Ego to resolve turmoil within the constraints of reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defense mechanisms are processes that distort reality and protect us from anxiety by resolving conflicts between the Id and Superego demands. They are used by the Ego to prevent being overcome with anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixation occurs when a portion of the Id's pleasure-seeking energy remains in a psychosexual stage due to excessive gratification or frustration, affecting future personality development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An unhealthy personality develops when there is excessive dependence on defense mechanisms, an overly strong Id or Superego, or a weak Ego as a mediator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Oedipus conflict involves a boy's sexual attraction to his mother and fear of his father's retaliation. The Electra conflict involves a girl's attraction to her father and feelings of inferiority without a penis (penis envy).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The collective unconscious refers to universal human experiences that are shared by all individuals. These experiences are manifested in archetypes, which are images and symbols representing important themes in the history of humankind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Jung's neo-Freudian theories emphasize the collective unconscious, archetypes, and universal human experiences shared by all individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An anal-retentive personality develops when a child reacts to harsh toilet training by withholding bowel movements, leading to traits of orderliness, neatness, stinginess, and stubbornness. An anal-expulsive personality develops when a child rebels against harsh training and has bowel movements whenever and wherever desired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erogenous zones are areas of the body where the Id's pleasure-seeking is focused during stages of psychosexual development. Fixation occurs when energy remains in a stage due to excessive gratification or frustration, impacting future personality development.</p> Signup and view all the answers