Podcast
Questions and Answers
What occurs during the falling phase when the center of mass (COM) moves forwards beyond the forefoot?
What occurs during the falling phase when the center of mass (COM) moves forwards beyond the forefoot?
- The catching phase automatically begins.
- The COM stabilizes without any need for movement.
- The body remains in a stable position.
- The body experiences a balance upset requiring a step. (correct)
During the catching phase, what type of support is the body in?
During the catching phase, what type of support is the body in?
- Unilateral support phase
- Triangular support phase
- Single support phase
- Double support phase (correct)
To regain balance after the COM is upset, what must the body do first?
To regain balance after the COM is upset, what must the body do first?
- Remain stationary to regain composure.
- Move backwards outside the base of support.
- Shift weight to the opposite leg.
- Take a step forwards outside the base of support. (correct)
What is the primary focus during the pre-swing phase?
What is the primary focus during the pre-swing phase?
What action is necessary when the COM is in a state of double support?
What action is necessary when the COM is in a state of double support?
What happens to the knee extensors during the flexing phase when gravity is acting?
What happens to the knee extensors during the flexing phase when gravity is acting?
When the heel touches down and the ankle is in a neutral position, what is required for full contact with the floor?
When the heel touches down and the ankle is in a neutral position, what is required for full contact with the floor?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for resisting gravity's tendency to cause plantar flexion?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for resisting gravity's tendency to cause plantar flexion?
What action do the dorsiflexors take when gravity attempts to cause plantar flexion?
What action do the dorsiflexors take when gravity attempts to cause plantar flexion?
What role does pronation play when gravity is acting on the foot?
What role does pronation play when gravity is acting on the foot?
Which muscles contract eccentrically to facilitate the supination of the foot?
Which muscles contract eccentrically to facilitate the supination of the foot?
During the mid-stance phase of walking, what is the primary function of this stage?
During the mid-stance phase of walking, what is the primary function of this stage?
How do the muscles that supinate the foot respond under the influence of gravity?
How do the muscles that supinate the foot respond under the influence of gravity?
What occurs during the loading phase when transitioning from double to single support?
What occurs during the loading phase when transitioning from double to single support?
Which statement accurately describes the mid-stance phase?
Which statement accurately describes the mid-stance phase?
What is a key characteristic of the loading phase regarding body weight transfer?
What is a key characteristic of the loading phase regarding body weight transfer?
In the mid-stance phase, what role does the opposite leg play?
In the mid-stance phase, what role does the opposite leg play?
Which of the following best describes the impacts of the loading phase on the front leg?
Which of the following best describes the impacts of the loading phase on the front leg?
How does the single support phase contribute to movement?
How does the single support phase contribute to movement?
What happens to the rear leg during the transition to single support?
What happens to the rear leg during the transition to single support?
What is the primary function of the steady front leg during the loading phase?
What is the primary function of the steady front leg during the loading phase?
What happens to the trunk during the stance phase of using a knee prosthetic?
What happens to the trunk during the stance phase of using a knee prosthetic?
In which plane is lateral trunk bending observed while using a prosthetic?
In which plane is lateral trunk bending observed while using a prosthetic?
What may cause weakness in the abductors when using a knee prosthetic?
What may cause weakness in the abductors when using a knee prosthetic?
What is essential for effective swing during locomotion?
What is essential for effective swing during locomotion?
What effect does a poorly fitted prosthetic socket have on gait?
What effect does a poorly fitted prosthetic socket have on gait?
What is a common observation during gait analysis with a long knee prosthetic?
What is a common observation during gait analysis with a long knee prosthetic?
What does MFC stand for in the context of locomotion?
What does MFC stand for in the context of locomotion?
Which phase primarily reflects the stance phase of gait analysis?
Which phase primarily reflects the stance phase of gait analysis?
During which phase does initial contact (IC) occur?
During which phase does initial contact (IC) occur?
What can be a direct consequence of inadequate proprioception in amputees using prosthetics?
What can be a direct consequence of inadequate proprioception in amputees using prosthetics?
Why is foot clearance important in gait?
Why is foot clearance important in gait?
What might indicate issues with a knee prosthetic's fit?
What might indicate issues with a knee prosthetic's fit?
What characterizes the early swing (ESW) phase?
What characterizes the early swing (ESW) phase?
Which of the following occurs during mid-swing (MSW)?
Which of the following occurs during mid-swing (MSW)?
What is the primary focus of terminal stance (TSW)?
What is the primary focus of terminal stance (TSW)?
What happens to the leg during the hip flexion phase?
What happens to the leg during the hip flexion phase?
Which of the following best describes the importance of the swing phase?
Which of the following best describes the importance of the swing phase?
What is a key characteristic of effective swing mechanics?
What is a key characteristic of effective swing mechanics?
What prevents falling during the swing phase?
What prevents falling during the swing phase?
Which joint movement is primarily involved in the swing phase?
Which joint movement is primarily involved in the swing phase?
What effect does insufficient foot clearance have on gait?
What effect does insufficient foot clearance have on gait?
What follows toe-off in the gait cycle?
What follows toe-off in the gait cycle?
What is meant by 'freezing' in the context of gait patterns?
What is meant by 'freezing' in the context of gait patterns?
What is a common characteristic of Parkinsonian gait during the OFF phase?
What is a common characteristic of Parkinsonian gait during the OFF phase?
How can individuals overcome freezing during gait?
How can individuals overcome freezing during gait?
What does an ON phase in Parkinsonian gait typically indicate?
What does an ON phase in Parkinsonian gait typically indicate?
Which of the following describes the shuffling gait observed in Parkinsonian patients?
Which of the following describes the shuffling gait observed in Parkinsonian patients?
What can trigger freezing when approaching doorways?
What can trigger freezing when approaching doorways?
Which scenario describes an OFF phase accurately?
Which scenario describes an OFF phase accurately?
What could potentially enhance movement during the ON phase?
What could potentially enhance movement during the ON phase?
Flashcards
Loading Phase
Loading Phase
The phase of movement where a body transitions from double to single support. Weight is transferred from the rear leg to the front leg.
Weight Transfer
Weight Transfer
The process of moving weight from the rear leg to the front leg during loading phase.
Single Support
Single Support
A stance or position where only one leg is supporting the body's weight.
Mid-Stance Phase
Mid-Stance Phase
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Fixed Foot
Fixed Foot
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Longest Phase
Longest Phase
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Opposite Leg
Opposite Leg
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Absorbing Impacts
Absorbing Impacts
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Terminal Stance Phase
Terminal Stance Phase
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Falling Phase
Falling Phase
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Catching Phase
Catching Phase
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Center of Mass (COM)
Center of Mass (COM)
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Double Support
Double Support
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Knee Flexion During Loading
Knee Flexion During Loading
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Ankle Neutral in Loading
Ankle Neutral in Loading
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Plantar Flexion Resistance
Plantar Flexion Resistance
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Dorsiflexors Contraction During Loading
Dorsiflexors Contraction During Loading
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Foot Pronation During Loading
Foot Pronation During Loading
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Supination Resistance During Loading
Supination Resistance During Loading
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Mid-Stance: Absorb and Propel
Mid-Stance: Absorb and Propel
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Fixed Foot During Mid-Stance
Fixed Foot During Mid-Stance
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Sagittal Plane Motion
Sagittal Plane Motion
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Frontal Plane Motion
Frontal Plane Motion
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What is Trendelenburg Gait?
What is Trendelenburg Gait?
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Hip Abductor Weakness
Hip Abductor Weakness
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Pain in Socket
Pain in Socket
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Lack of Confidence
Lack of Confidence
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Prosthetic Flexion
Prosthetic Flexion
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Prosthetic Timing
Prosthetic Timing
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Freezing Gait
Freezing Gait
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Freezing Gait Triggers
Freezing Gait Triggers
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Overcoming Freezing Gait
Overcoming Freezing Gait
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Parkinsonian Gait - Off Phase
Parkinsonian Gait - Off Phase
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Parkinsonian Gait - On Phase
Parkinsonian Gait - On Phase
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Minimum Foot Clearance (MFC)
Minimum Foot Clearance (MFC)
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Swing Phase
Swing Phase
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Early Swing (ESW)
Early Swing (ESW)
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Mid-Swing (MSW)
Mid-Swing (MSW)
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Terminal Swing (TSW)
Terminal Swing (TSW)
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Initial Contact (IC)
Initial Contact (IC)
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Stance Phase
Stance Phase
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Toe-Off
Toe-Off
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Joint Actions
Joint Actions
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Hip Flexion
Hip Flexion
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Knee Extension
Knee Extension
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Effective Swing
Effective Swing
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Study Notes
Gait
- Gait is a series of intentional falls with the goal of taking the center of mass (COM) outside the base of support (BOS) and catching yourself with a step.
- It involves a swing phase (40%) and a stance phase (60%).
- Gait is a double to single support transition.
Gait Phases
- Loading (LOAD): Initial Contact (IC) → Opposite Toe Off (OTO)
- Mid-Stance (MST): Opposite Toe Off (OTO) → Heel Rise (HR)
- Terminal Stance (TST): Heel Rise (HR) → Opposite Initial Contact (OIC)
- Pre-Swing (PSW): Opposite Initial Contact (OIC) → Toe Off (TO)
Loading Phase
- Movement from double to single support
- Transferring body weight from rear leg to front leg
- Front leg becomes steady to absorb impact and weight.
Mid-Stance Phase
- Longest phase
- Single support
- Opposite leg never touches the ground
- Goal: Allow COM to travel over the fixed foot while maintaining single support
- Preparing for the next fall opportunity
Terminal Stance Phase
- Falling phase and start of catching phase
- COM moves forward (beyond the forefoot)
- Need to take a step to regain balance
- Transition to single support.
- Catch COM when it's over the BOS
Pre-Swing Phase
- Getting ready for swing phase
- Progressively unload the right limb while loading the left
- Bringing weight from right to left
- Preparing to transition into single support
Swing Phase
- Preparing to catch the fall.
- Swinging limb to make progress forward
- Accepting body weight and moving forward/
- Dual pendulum motion through hip flexion & knee extension
- Minimum Foot Clearance (MFC)
- Effective swing to avoid falling
Phases of Swing
- Early Swing (ESW)
- Mid Swing (MSW)
- Terminal Swing (TSW)
Temporal-Spatial Parameters
- Step Length: Varies depending on walking speed
- Walking Base (Step Width): 10-15 cm, variable; wider in obese individuals
- Stride Length: Anterior to posterior difference of one foot; average value = 1.4m; sum of right and left steps
- Toe Angle: Tip of 2nd toe and centre of heel; average value = 5-10° (thinking about line of progression)
- Comfortable Adult Walking Speed: variable, 1.2-1.4 m/s, 4.5-5 km/hour
Foot Drop Gait
- Damage to the peroneal nerve that feeds the dorsiflexors
- Foot drop gait
- Increased hip flexion to help the leg pass through
- Foot placed on the ground in a flat position
- Heel rolls into toe during loading
Steppage Gait
- Lack of dorsiflexion (DF)
- Bilateral deficits
- Toes drag through swing phase
- No clearance of the ground
- Foot hangs in plantarflexion (PF) position
Vaulting
- Stiff knee and hip
- Can't get enough hip/knee flexion
- Limb is functionally long
- Can't activate hamstrings (during swing phase)
- Exaggerated vertical motion
- Ask the opposite leg to plantarflex (PF) for vertical lift (higher COM) to provide space for the swinging limb to pass through.
Trendelenburg
- Neurological pathology at the superior gluteal nerve feeds the adductors
- Osteoarthritic hip
- Other conditions (patellofemoral syndrome)
- Weakness of hip abductors
- Pelvic tilt towards opposite side of supporting leg
- Lateral shift of COM toward stance leg during mid-stance
- Compensation: Trunk shifts COM closer to hip joint, abductors don’t have to work as hard
Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis
- Less severe state, weakness but not paralysis
- Influences posture
- Affects how the person moves
- CNS pathology (stroke, cerebral palsy, TBI)
- Upper extremity: flexion dominates, hypertonic, arm held close to body.
- Lower extremity: extension, functionally long leg, foot in PF.
Parkinsonian Gait
- Loss of dopamine causing degenerative disease
- Tremors, shaking
- Stiff movements
- Involuntary muscle contractions
- Balance and gait difficult
- Stooped, shuffling
- Limited extremity motion, especially lower extremities.
- Limited arm swing during gait
- Freezing: sudden stop in movement
- Change in gait pattern that disrupts rhythm (e.g. doors, obstacles)
- Overcome by other rhythm (e.g. metronome)
- Off phase: shuffling gait, limited movement, small arm swing.
- On phase (with medication): Improved movement and arm swing
GRF/Ground Reaction Forces
- Reaction to the body weight and muscular effort during balancing, walking, and jumping.
- Higher than body weight
- Changes during stance phase
- Comes through center of pressure (COP) to center of mass (COM) constantly changing
- Orientation changes through stance phase and is usually higher during the stance phase
Impact Transient
- Brief initial spike in ground reaction force (GRF) as the foot makes impact.
- Does not impact muscle response
- Think of GRF as an elastic band, what happens when it passes each joint?
- Recruit muscles that oppose gravity to counter it.
- Some joints are neutral
Orthotics
- Insoles that help with foot positioning.
- Determining Factors: Pain, Function (training/activities), Alignment, Biomechanics
- Orthotic assessment: history, biomechanics, postural analysis, functional tests (squats, lunges, balance, calf raises), gait and run analysis
Prosthetics
- Artificial limbs for individuals with limb loss
- Main causes of amputation: diabetes, peripheral vascular disease
- Lower limb amputations: Hemipelvectomy, hip disarticulation, above-knee amputation, knee disarticulation, below-knee amputation, ankle disarticulation, partial foot.
- Assessment: objective (strength, characteristics), subjective (goals, lifestyle).
- Gait analysis (focus on one plane/distal to proximal), compare to normal or sound limb.
Gait deviations in transfemoral amputee
- Circumduction
- Vaulting
- Lateral Trunk Bending
Gaitway Neurophysiology (PD)
- Basal Ganglia: Motor circuits, habitual/goal directed movements, associative circuits (executive function, attention), Limbic circuits (motivation, reward)
- Dopamine = Neurotransmitter, crucial for voluntary movement and smooth execution, also assists with dual/multitasking and cognitive function.
- Substantia nigra (biggest factor) is the source of dopamine.
Neuroprotective Exercise for PD
- High Intensity, Challenging and Amplitude is important for exercise.
- Big movements,
- Flowing (rigidity/shuffling/stride length)
- Active holds
- Power movements to gets powerstance and balance
- Specific exercises such as: boom whackers, using chairs for balance, high-energy, using rings.
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Description
This quiz explores the intricate phases of human gait, including the loading, mid-stance, and terminal stance phases. Test your knowledge on the mechanics of walking, the transition from double to single support, and the significance of each phase in maintaining balance and mobility.
