Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which phase of the stance phase begins with the heel strike?
Which phase of the stance phase begins with the heel strike?
What occurs during the loading response phase?
What occurs during the loading response phase?
Which part of the gait cycle is characterized by the heel of the reference foot rising?
Which part of the gait cycle is characterized by the heel of the reference foot rising?
During which phase does the body’s center of mass move directly over the supporting foot?
During which phase does the body’s center of mass move directly over the supporting foot?
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What is the final event of the swing phase before the heel strike of the reference limb?
What is the final event of the swing phase before the heel strike of the reference limb?
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What primarily determines the various gait patterns observed in individuals?
What primarily determines the various gait patterns observed in individuals?
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During what percentage of the gait cycle is the stance phase active?
During what percentage of the gait cycle is the stance phase active?
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Which component is NOT considered a prerequisite for normal gait?
Which component is NOT considered a prerequisite for normal gait?
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What defines the 'swing phase' during the gait cycle?
What defines the 'swing phase' during the gait cycle?
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Which statement about the gait cycle is true?
Which statement about the gait cycle is true?
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Study Notes
Gait Analysis
- Gait is the medical term for human locomotion (walking).
- Every individual has a unique gait pattern.
- Gait can be affected by injury or disease.
- Gait analysis helps therapists identify weaknesses and adjust rehabilitation programs.
Definition of Normal Gait
Physiological Definition
- Gait is a mechanism relying on the integrated action of bones, muscles, and the nervous system (peripheral and central).
- The degree of integration determines gait patterns.
- Any defect in any part of this system can lead to abnormal gait.
Mechanical Definition
- Gait is a form of bipedal locomotion with alternating actions between lower extremities.
- One leg supports and propels, while the other is in swing phase.
- This creates rhythmic alternating movements of arms, legs, and trunk for forward movement.
Prerequisites of Gait
- Ability to maintain an upright position against gravity (head, arms, and trunk).
- Ability to maintain balance during static and dynamic situations.
- Ability to control foot movement for safe ground clearance and gentle heel contact.
- Head, arms, and trunk (HAT) comprise 75% of total body weight.
Phases of Gait Cycle
- Gait cycle describes the motions from heel contact to the next heel contact.
- One cycle typically lasts 1 second and is 1.4 meters long in normal adults.
- Each extremity alternates between stance and swing phases.
Stance Phase
- About 60% of the gait cycle.
- Defines the interval when any part of the foot is in contact with the ground.
- Ends when the reference foot lifts off the ground.
Sub-phases of Stance Phase
- Initial contact (heel strike): Instantaneous point when the leading foot touches the ground (0-2%).
- Loading response (flat foot): (2-10%), double stance, body weight fully transferred to stance limb, impact absorption.
- Mid-stance: (10-30%), the first half of single support, body weight moves over the forefoot, contra-lateral foot leaves the ground.
- Terminal stance (heel-off): (30-50%), second half of single support, heel of reference foot rises, contra-lateral foot contacts the ground.
- Preswing (toe-off): (50-60%), weight transfer to the ground, only the toe of the reference limb is in contact.
Swing Phase
- Approximately 40% of the gait cycle.
- Interval when the foot is not in contact with the ground.
- Primarily divided into three sub-phases.
Sub-phases of Swing Phase
- Initial swing (acceleration): (60-73%), reference limb leaves the ground and goes to mid swing
- Mid-swing: (73-87%), reference limb passes directly under the body.
- Terminal swing (deceleration): (87-100%), knee extents and prepares for next heel strike.
Intervals of Gait Cycle
- Stance phase subdivided into double limb support (IDS) and single limb support (SLS).
- Double limb support: involves both feet being in contact (initial and terminal double stance).
- Single limb support has only one foot in contact.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of gait analysis, exploring the unique patterns of human locomotion. It includes the physiological and mechanical definitions of normal gait and the prerequisites required for maintaining proper gait. Understand how various factors can influence gait and its implications for rehabilitation.
