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What type of earthquake is caused by the sudden displacement of rocks along faults?
What type of earthquake is caused by the sudden displacement of rocks along faults?
Deep focus earthquakes occur at a depth greater than 300 kilometers.
Deep focus earthquakes occur at a depth greater than 300 kilometers.
True
Who proposed the theory of sea-floor spreading?
Who proposed the theory of sea-floor spreading?
Harry Hess
An earthquake associated with volcanic activity is known as a __________ earthquake.
An earthquake associated with volcanic activity is known as a __________ earthquake.
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Match the following types of earthquakes with their descriptions:
Match the following types of earthquakes with their descriptions:
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What constitutes the most destructive type of earthquake based on focus depth?
What constitutes the most destructive type of earthquake based on focus depth?
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The Moho discontinuity marks the boundary between the inner core and the outer core.
The Moho discontinuity marks the boundary between the inner core and the outer core.
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What is the term used for the point on the ground directly above the focus of an earthquake?
What is the term used for the point on the ground directly above the focus of an earthquake?
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What is required to accurately determine the epicenter of an earthquake?
What is required to accurately determine the epicenter of an earthquake?
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The intensity of an earthquake is the same as its magnitude.
The intensity of an earthquake is the same as its magnitude.
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What graphical technique is commonly used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
What graphical technique is commonly used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
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The maximum force experienced by a mass on a structure is measured by __________.
The maximum force experienced by a mass on a structure is measured by __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What does instrumental intensity refer to?
What does instrumental intensity refer to?
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At least three seismic station records need to form a straight line to determine the epicenter.
At least three seismic station records need to form a straight line to determine the epicenter.
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What does the moment magnitude (Mw) scale account for?
What does the moment magnitude (Mw) scale account for?
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What is the primary factor that magnitude correlates with regarding an earthquake?
What is the primary factor that magnitude correlates with regarding an earthquake?
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Richter magnitude (ML) is suitable for measuring all types of earthquakes globally.
Richter magnitude (ML) is suitable for measuring all types of earthquakes globally.
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What is seismicity?
What is seismicity?
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The scale that measures the amplitude of P-waves is known as _____ magnitude.
The scale that measures the amplitude of P-waves is known as _____ magnitude.
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Match the following magnitude scales with their primary purpose:
Match the following magnitude scales with their primary purpose:
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What is the primary factor affecting earthquake shaking intensity?
What is the primary factor affecting earthquake shaking intensity?
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The Philippine Archipelago is located between two major tectonic plates.
The Philippine Archipelago is located between two major tectonic plates.
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The surface wave magnitude (Ms) is commonly used for large earthquakes where the epicenter is more than _____ km away.
The surface wave magnitude (Ms) is commonly used for large earthquakes where the epicenter is more than _____ km away.
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What is a surface rupture?
What is a surface rupture?
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A tsunami can only be generated by earthquakes.
A tsunami can only be generated by earthquakes.
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Define a local tsunami.
Define a local tsunami.
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A seiche is a standing wave in an __________ or partially enclosed body of water.
A seiche is a standing wave in an __________ or partially enclosed body of water.
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Which type of tsunami travels across an ocean and can take between 1 to 24 hours to reach the coast?
Which type of tsunami travels across an ocean and can take between 1 to 24 hours to reach the coast?
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Surface ruptures only occur with vertical offsets.
Surface ruptures only occur with vertical offsets.
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What is the minimum magnitude of an earthquake that can generate a tsunami?
What is the minimum magnitude of an earthquake that can generate a tsunami?
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Match the secondary earthquake hazards with their definitions:
Match the secondary earthquake hazards with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three major goals of disaster management?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major goals of disaster management?
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Technological crises are considered one of the types of disasters.
Technological crises are considered one of the types of disasters.
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What is the first phase of disaster management?
What is the first phase of disaster management?
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The phase that focuses on search and rescue as well as humanitarian needs is called the ______.
The phase that focuses on search and rescue as well as humanitarian needs is called the ______.
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Match the following phases of disaster management with their descriptions:
Match the following phases of disaster management with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is an example of a mitigation measure for earthquakes?
Which of the following is an example of a mitigation measure for earthquakes?
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Rumours are classified as a type of disaster.
Rumours are classified as a type of disaster.
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Name one of the 8 types of disasters mentioned.
Name one of the 8 types of disasters mentioned.
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What is the first step in planning for a disaster?
What is the first step in planning for a disaster?
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Mitigation programs are emphasized more than response programs in disaster management.
Mitigation programs are emphasized more than response programs in disaster management.
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What determines the behavior of a structure during an earthquake?
What determines the behavior of a structure during an earthquake?
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Structures with serious irregularities in ________ or mass are vulnerable to earthquake damage.
Structures with serious irregularities in ________ or mass are vulnerable to earthquake damage.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What should be done for structures that have survived major earthquakes?
What should be done for structures that have survived major earthquakes?
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Professional guidelines and standards in disaster management have not been improved.
Professional guidelines and standards in disaster management have not been improved.
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What aspect of a structure may indicate possible damage after a major earthquake?
What aspect of a structure may indicate possible damage after a major earthquake?
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Study Notes
Earthquake
- An earthquake is a shaking or trembling of the ground caused by sudden movement of rocks beneath the earth's surface.
- Tectonic earthquakes are caused by movement along faults, while volcanic earthquakes are triggered by volcanic activity.
- Earthquakes can be classified by their depth of focus (shallow, intermediate, or deep) and the mechanism generating the earthquake (tectonic, volcanic, explosion, collapse, landsliding).
Classification of Earthquake
- Tectonic: Caused by plate movement.
- Volcanic: Caused by volcanic activity.
- Explosion: Caused by underground explosions.
- Collapse: Caused by the collapse of underground caverns or mines.
- Landsliding: Due to massive landsliding events.
Depth of Focus
- Shallow Focus: Less than 70 kilometers deep; most destructive, accounting for 75% of energy release during earthquakes.
- Intermediate Focus: 70 to 300 kilometers deep.
- Deep Focus: Greater than 300 kilometers deep.
Dynamic Earth Structure
- The Earth has three concentric layers: the mantle, outer core, and inner core.
- The Moho discontinuity, identified by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909, marks the boundary between the mantle and crust.
Continental Drift
- Continents were once joined, but have drifted apart over millions of years.
- Evidence includes matching coastlines, similar fossils, and rock formations.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
- The lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is broken into large plates that move slowly.
- This movement is caused by convection currents in the mantle.
Earthquake-Prone Areas
- Areas where plates meet (plate boundaries) or faults exist are most prone to earthquakes.
- Circum-Pacific belt (ring of fire) and Eurasian belt are major seismic zones.
Plate Boundaries
- Divergent: Plates move apart (rift zones).
- Convergent: Plates collide (subduction zones, where one plate slides beneath another).
- Transform: Plates slide past each other (e.g., San Andreas Fault).
Faulting Mechanisms
- Dip-slip faults: Vertical movement.
- Normal faults: Hanging wall moves down relative to footwall (extensional).
- Reverse faults: Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall (compressional).
- Strike-slip faults: Horizontal movement.
- Oblique-slip faults: Combination of vertical and horizontal movement.
Seismic Waves
- Body waves: Travel through the Earth's interior.
- Primary (P) waves: Fastest, push-pull motion.
- Secondary (S) waves: Slower, shear motion.
- Surface waves: Travel along the Earth's surface.
- Rayleigh waves: Rolling motion.
- Love waves: Shear motion.
Earthquake Quantification
- Intensity: Measures the severity of shaking, based on observed effects.
- Magnitude: Measures the amount of energy released by the earthquake, a quantitative scale that uses data from seismographs.
- Different scales exist, including the Richter and Moment magnitude scales.
Earthquake Hazards
- Ground Motion/Shaking: Movement of the ground.
- Landslides: Movement of rock and soil.
- Liquefaction: Soil loss of strength and stiffness.
- Surface Rupture: Displacement of the earth's surface.
- Tsunamis: Large waves generated by major earthquakes beneath the sea.
- Flooding: Associated with earthquake-induced damage to levees and dams, or tsunamis.
- Fire: Caused by ruptured gas lines, downed power lines, and other related damage.
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Description
This quiz delves into the fundamental concepts of earthquakes, exploring their causes, classifications, and the depth of focus associated with different types. Learn about tectonic and volcanic movements, and how these factors contribute to the dynamic nature of our planet. Prepare to test your knowledge on the seismic events that shape the Earth.
