67 Questions
What term refers to the belief that everyone else should conform to your belief system?
Cultural imposition
Which tool involves the components E-T-H-N-I-C for cultural interviewing?
Ethnic interviewing tool
In the Learn Model, what does the 'N' stand for?
Negotiate an agreed on treatment plan
Which term involves ignoring differences and proceeds as though they do not exist?
Culture blindness
What does culture conflict entail?
Responding by ridiculing the beliefs and traditions of others
Which aspect is included in culture assessment?
Beliefs, values, traditions, and practices of a culture
What is the primary commitment of advocacy in nursing?
Prioritizing the individual patient
Which ethical principle involves respecting the rights of patients to make healthcare decisions?
Autonomy
What is a common aspect of ethical problems in nursing practice?
Paternalism
What concept involves concern for the welfare and well-being of others?
Altruism
In the ESFT model, what does the 'T' stand for?
Therapeutic contracting
____ Prejudice in favour of or against one thing, person, or group as compared to another, in a way that is considered unfair.
Implicit bias
What is the purpose of the vascular phase in the body's response to injury or infection?
To cause vasodilation
In the immune response, what is the role of antibodies in humoral immunity?
Neutralizing foreign material
What does a high white blood cell count (WBC) typically indicate?
Injury or infection in the body
Which type of bacteria is considered a resident in the body, requiring friction for removal?
Resident Bacterial
When should transmission-based precautions be used in healthcare settings?
With infections spread by contact, droplets, and airborne routes
Which of these is a common malpractice allegation often seen in healthcare?
Failure to ensure patient safety
In cultural beliefs related to healthcare, what is emphasized as a cultural practice?
Annual physical examinations and diagnostic procedures
What is one aspect that is NOT included in culture assessment?
Omnipotence of technology
What is a key element of the Learn Model for patient care?
Negotiating an agreed-on treatment plan
Which component is part of cultural beliefs in healthcare practices?
Use of a systematic approach and problem-solving methodology
What is a misconception about stereotyping?
It involves recognizing individual differences within a group
What is the main focus of valuing in the valuing process outlined in the text?
Consistently aligning behavior with chosen ideals
Which ethical principle emphasizes avoiding causing harm?
Nonmaleficence
What does the concept of autonomy in nursing refer to?
Respecting patients' right to self-determination
Which element is essential in proving negligence in nursing practice according to the text?
Causation
What is the primary focus of advocacy in nursing based on the provided information?
Evaluating competing claims of autonomy and well-being
Which component is considered a major part of the infection cycle according to the text?
Natural habitat of organisms
"Gram-positive" and "gram-negative" are terms used to classify what in microbiology?
Bacteria infections
What do intentional torts primarily involve according to the text?
Deliberate harmful actions like assault or defamation
What is the primary factor in determining liability for negligence according to the text?
Causation along with duty, breach of duty, and damages
What is an essential means of transmitting infectious diseases as per the information provided?
Insects carrying pathogens between hosts
What is the primary function of antibodies in humoral immunity?
Attach to antigens and mark them for destruction
Which of the following types of precautions are used in healthcare settings for infections spread by contact, droplets, and airborne transmission?
Transmission-based precautions
What is the most common malpractice allegation seen in healthcare?
Failure to ensure patient safety
Which white blood cell type is the most predominant in a normal blood count?
Neutrophils
What does the term 'resident' refer to in the context of bacterial flora?
Found in skin creases and requires friction for removal
When should standard precautions be applied in healthcare settings?
For all infections regardless of transmission route
Which tool involves the components E-T-H-N-I-C for cultural interviewing?
Ethnic interviewing tool
What is the primary focus of the Learn Model for patient care?
Listen to patient's perspective
Which term refers to culturally based belief systems of the etiology of illness and disease and those related to health and healing?
Culturally based belief systems
What does the 'S' stand for in the ESFT model?
Explanatory model of Health and illness
What is a common practice emphasized as part of cultural beliefs in healthcare?
Annual physical examinations
Which element is NOT part of the Learn Model for patient care?
Intervention
What is the primary focus of altruism in nursing ethics?
Concern for welfare and well-being of others
Which type of tort involves a wrong committed unintentionally by a person?
Negligence
In nursing ethics, what does integrity primarily involve?
Acting according to code of ethics and standards of practice
Which stage of infection is characterized by the presence of specific signs and symptoms?
Full stage of illness
What is the primary role of leukocytes/neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Consuming debris
Which component of the infection cycle involves the natural habitat of infectious organisms?
Reservoir
What is the primary classification category used for bacteria based on their shape?
Response to gram staining
Which ethical principle emphasizes giving each their due and acting fairly?
Justice
In nursing, what does advocacy primarily entail?
Prioritizing individual patient's well-being over society as a whole
What is a key aspect of cultural beliefs in healthcare practices?
Standardised definitions of health and illness
Which activity is part of the valuing process?
Documentation
In culture assessment, what is NOT typically included?
Fears and Concerns
What do cultural beliefs in healthcare customs emphasize?
Adherence to the pecking order found in autocratic systems
Which characteristic is related to the ESFT model?
Prizing (treasuring)
What is a significant element of the Activities of the valuing process?
(treasuring) actions after careful consideration
What is a primary focus of advocacy in nursing according to the text?
Upholding moral, legal, and humanistic rights
In the infection cycle, which component is responsible for the natural habitat of infectious organisms?
Reservoir
What is the primary role of leukocytes/neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Consume debris
What is an essential means of transmitting infectious diseases as per the information provided?
Direct contact
Which ethical principle emphasizes giving each their due and acting fairly?
Justice
What does the term 'resident' refer to in the context of bacterial flora?
Bacteria found in creases on skin
Which component is a major part of the immune response aiming to protect and defend the body?
Antibody production
Study Notes
Cultural Competence in Healthcare
- Importance of safety and quality measures in healthcare:
- Maintenance of health and prevention of illness
- Annual physical examinations and diagnostic procedures
- Critical importance of cultural competence in healthcare:
- Assessment of each patient individually to provide culturally respectful care
- Use of ESFT model (Explanatory, Social, Fears, and Therapeutic contracting)
- Cultural assessment of beliefs, values, traditions, and practices of a culture
- Culturally defined health-related needs of individuals, families, and communities
- Attitudes toward seeking help from care providers
Ethics in Healthcare
- Ethical principles:
- Autonomy: respect for patients' rights to make healthcare decisions
- Nonmaleficence: avoid causing harm
- Beneficence: benefit the patient
- Justice: give each their due and act fairly
- Ethical problems:
- Paternalism: undermining patient autonomy
- Deception: withholding or distorting information
- Privacy and social media: protecting patient confidentiality
- Allocation of scarce nursing resources
- Conflicts concerning new technologies
Infection Control
- Components of the infection cycle:
- Infectious agent: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
- Reservoir: natural habitat of the organism
- Portal of exit: point of escape for the organism
- Means of transmission: direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route
- Portal of entry: point at which organisms enter a new host
- Susceptible host: must overcome resistance mounted by host's defenses
- Types of infectious agents:
- Bacteria: most significant and most prevalent in hospitals
- Viruses: smallest of all microorganisms
- Fungi: plant-like organism present in air, soil, and water
- Parasites: live on or in a host and rely on it for nourishment
Malpractice and Liability
- Types of torts:
- Intentional: assault, battery, defamation, invasion of privacy, and fraud
- Unintentional: negligence, malpractice
- Four elements of liability:
- Duty: responsibility to provide care
- Breach of duty: failure to provide care
- Causation: link between breach of duty and harm
- Damages: harm or injury caused by breach of duty
- Elements of informed consent:
- Disclosure: providing information about treatment and risks
- Comprehension: patient's understanding of information
- Competence: patient's ability to make informed decisions
- Voluntariness: patient's autonomy in making decisions
Normal Lab Values
-
Normal WBC count: 5,000-10,000/mm3
-
Normal neutrophil count: 60-70%
-
Normal lymphocyte count: 20-40%
-
Normal monocyte count: 2-8%
-
Normal eosinophil count: 1-4%
-
Normal basophil count: 0.5-1%### Ethical Principles in Nursing
-
Autonomy: respect the rights of patients to make healthcare decisions
-
Beneficence: benefit the patient
-
Justice: give each their due and act fairly
-
Fidelity: being loyal to patients and maintaining confidentiality
-
Veracity: telling the truth and being honest
-
Accountability: taking responsibility for one's actions
-
Privacy: respecting patients' personal and private information
-
Confidentiality: maintaining secrecy and discretion
-
Altruism: concern for the welfare and well-being of others
-
Human dignity: respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations
-
Integrity: acting according to the code of ethics and standards of practice
-
Social justice: upholding moral, legal, and humanistic rights
Ethical Problems in Nursing
- Paternalism: when healthcare providers make decisions without consulting patients
- Deception: intentionally misleading or deceiving patients
- Privacy and social media: maintaining patient confidentiality in online platforms
- Confidentiality: maintaining secrecy and discretion
- Allocation of scarce nursing resources: making decisions about resource allocation
- Valid consent or refusal: obtaining informed consent from patients
- Conflicts concerning new technologies: addressing ethical issues in technology use
- Unprofessional, incompetent, unethical, or illegal physician practice: addressing unethical behavior
- Unprofessional, incompetent, unethical, or illegal nurse practice: addressing unethical behavior
- Short staffing issues: addressing the impact of staffing shortages on patient care
- Beginning of life issues: addressing ethical issues in neonatal care
- End of life issues: addressing ethical issues in palliative care
Crime and Torts
- Crime: a wrong against a person or their property, as well as the public
- Tort: a wrong committed by a person against another person or their property (tried in civil court)
- Types of Torts:
- Intentional torts
- Unintentional torts
- Negligence
- Malpractice
- Four elements of liability:
- Duty
- Breach of duty
- Causation
- Damages
Informed Consent
- Elements of informed consent:
- Disclosure
- Comprehension
- Competence
- Voluntariness
Infection Control
- Infectious agents:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Components of the infection cycle:
- Infectious agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Means of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
- Reservoirs for microorganisms:
- Other people
- Animals
- Soil
- Food, water, milk
- Inanimate objects
- Means of transmission:
- Direct contact
- Indirect contact
- Vector
- Fomite
- Droplet
- Airborne
- Stages of infection:
- Incubation period
- Prodromal stage
- Full stage of illness
- Inflammatory response:
- Vascular phase
- Vasodilation
- Histamine release
- Cellular stage
- Leukocytes/neutrophils consume debris
- Damaged cells are repaired
- Vascular phase
Immune Response
- Antigen: foreign material
- Antibody: produced in response to antigens
- Immune response:
- Body attempts to protect and defend itself
- Humoral immunity
- Antibodies released
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Increase in lymphocytes
White Blood Cell Count and Bacterial Flora
- Elevated WBC count: 10,000-20,000/mm3
- Bacterial flora:
- Transient
- Resident
Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAI's)
- 7 types of HAI's:
- CAUTI
- SSI
- CLABSI
- MRSA
- C.diff
- CDI
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- PPE equipment:
- Gloves
- Gowns
- Masks
- Eye protection
Test your knowledge on concepts like stereotyping, implicit bias, cultural imposition, culture blindness, and culture conflict. Explore how individuals perceive and navigate through cultural differences and conflicts.
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