Psychology of Stereotyping

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Questions and Answers

What impact does alcohol intoxication have on stereotyping?

It severely limits the ability to inhibit stereotypes. (correct)

It increases the accuracy of stereotype application.

It has no effect on stereotype use.

It enhances the ability to inhibit stereotypes.

What does application stereotyping involve?

The need to form accurate impressions of others.

The process of activating a dormant stereotype.

Using stereotypes when judging an individual from a stereotyped group. (correct)

The accessibility of a stereotype in one's mind.

What do comprehension goals stem from?

The need to enhance one's positive self-image.

The need to understand why events happen and form accurate impressions. (correct)

The desire to challenge personal biases.

The motivation to conform to societal norms.

How does cognitive busyness affect stereotype activation?

It disrupts stereotype activation by using up working memory capacity. Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype activation primarily influenced by?

Context effects, level of prejudice, and cognitive busyness. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a dormant stereotype?

It becomes ready to use and can influence perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of self-enhancement?

To maintain a positive view of oneself. Signup and view all the answers

What do comprehension goals involve?

The inclination to form clear and accurate impressions. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes convergent validity?

It involves correlation with similar measures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes institutional discrimination?

Discrimination that is the result of societal norms and policies. Signup and view all the answers

What does a hypothesis do in research?

It states relationships between two variables. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does discriminant validity assess?

The extent to which a measure does not assess characteristics it is not intended to assess. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically a target of prejudice?

Cognitive abilities Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of organizational discrimination?

Policies that disadvantage a group within an organization. Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive theory view prejudice?

As a universal phenomenon resulting from cognitive simplification. Signup and view all the answers

What does a variable represent in research?

A characteristic on which people differ. Signup and view all the answers

What self-enhancement goal involves the need to view oneself positively?

Need to see oneself in a positive light Signup and view all the answers

How does derogating outgroups serve as an ego-defensive function of stereotypes?

It helps improve self-esteem by comparison Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 'D's of difference?

Dependency Signup and view all the answers

What does social adjustment function of stereotypes primarily rely on?

Norms and expectations from social groups Signup and view all the answers

What motivates individuals to control prejudice according to the content?

Concerns about being perceived as prejudiced Signup and view all the answers

What might an individual experience when they engage in distancing?

Feeling misunderstood and isolated Signup and view all the answers

What does the ultimate attribution error typically involve?

Generalizing behaviors of an entire group based on one individual Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'man-first' principle imply in stereotypes?

Understanding individuals beyond their gender Signup and view all the answers

What does the cross-racial identification bias refer to?

People of other races tend to 'all look alike' to most individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What does research indicate about people's awareness of their own categorization processes?

People typically do not realize they use information about prototypicality. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects intersectionality?

People are members of multiple social categories simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What are schemas and how do they influence people?

Schemas influence perception and information processing. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a variable in research?

A variable is a characteristic on which people differ. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the validity of a measure?

It assesses if the measure evaluates the intended characteristic consistently. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of self-report measurements?

They may be influenced by social desirability or inaccurate self-perception. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for stereotyping to be assessed properly?

People must provide consistent responses to structured assessments. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stereotyping and Its Control

Factors limiting stereotype inhibition include alcohol intoxication, which impairs cognitive function.
Application stereotyping refers to using stereotypes to evaluate individuals after they are activated; suppression of this application is possible.
A dormant stereotype, once activated, influences thoughts and behaviors toward a social group, especially those one does not know well.

Motivations for Behavior Consistency

Self-enhancement goals involve maintaining a positive self-image.
Comprehension goals focus on forming accurate perceptions of others and understanding social events.
Social adjustment goals drive individuals to conform to situational norms, avoiding expressing counter-beliefs for group cohesion.
Motivation to control prejudice emerges from personal values and concerns about social perception.

Cognitive Processes and Stereotypes

Cognitive busyness depletes working memory, disrupting stereotype activation and processing.
Automatic processing of stereotypes is influenced by context, personal prejudices, and cognitive load.

The Role of Goals in Stereotyping

Comprehension goals seek clarity about individuals and social dynamics.
Self-enhancement goals foster a favorable self-view.
Social adjustment goals modify behavior to align with group norms.
Motivation to control prejudice aims to prevent biased actions based on ethical principles.

Ego-Defensive Function of Stereotypes

Stereotypes serve an ego-defensive function by helping individuals protect self-concept against internal and external criticism.
Derogatory views of outgroups can arise from projection of one's negative feelings.

D's of Difference and Their Impact

Distancing involves avoiding dissimilar situations; it can be physical, emotional, or intellectual.
Denial refers to dismissing perceived differences with others.
Defensiveness safeguards against appearing unfair or biased.
Devaluing sees differences as deficiencies.
Discovery appreciates and recognizes the enriching aspects of diversity.

Norms and expectations shape thoughts and feelings toward others, promoting conformity among group members.

Principles and Hypotheses in Stereotyping

The "man-first" principle relates to prioritizing male representation in language.
The kernel of truth hypothesis suggests that stereotypes may contain a basis of truth.
Correspondence bias attributes others' actions to their character rather than situational influences.
The ultimate attribution error ascribes group failures to internal factors while blaming external forces for successes.

Cross-Racial Identification Bias

This bias reflects the tendency to perceive individuals from other races as having similar appearances.
Research indicates that individuals are often unaware that they use prototypical information in judgments.

Intersectionality recognizes individuals belong to multiple social categories, affecting their experiences.
Basic categories include gender, race, and age, which contribute to the understanding of intersectional identities.

Schemas and Their Influence

Schemas are cognitive frameworks that shape perception and understanding, influencing how individuals process information.

Research Methods and Validity

Convenience samples are non-random groups chosen for research based on availability.
Variables are characteristics on which people differ; validity assesses the accuracy of these measurements.
Physiological measures assess biological responses, while unobtrusive measures examine behavior without detection.

Limitations of Self-Report Measurements

Self-reporting may lead to biased results; discriminatory behavior can be evaluated through observational techniques.

Assessing Stereotypes

Stereotypes can be assessed through tests requiring individuals to respond to prompts reflecting their beliefs.

Validity Types

Convergent validity shows how well scores correlate with similar measures, while discriminant validity indicates the absence of unrelated constructs in measurement.

Targets of Prejudice

Prejudice can target race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, ability, and appearance.

Cognitive Theory of Prejudice

Prejudice is seen as a universal consequence of cognitive processing, simplifying group information.

Institutional and Organizational Discrimination

Discrimination involves differential treatment based on group membership, occurring on individual and societal levels.
Organizational discrimination stems from policies and practices within formal entities, leading to unequal outcomes.
Institutional discrimination arises when societal norms and practices benefit one group over another, reflecting entrenched inequalities.

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Description

This quiz explores the factors influencing people's ability to control or inhibit stereotyping behaviors, including the effects of alcohol. Additionally, it delves into the characteristics of application stereotyping and the processes involved in stereotype activation.