Understanding Abnormal Behavior

• Several behaviors are considered normal, but when they cause psychological problems they are defined as abnormal.

Understanding Abnormal Behavior

• In an argument with a roommate, swearing and throwing pillows could be considered erratic.
• Avoiding obligations by playing video games is seen as abnormal behavior.
• Psychological dysfunction refers to breakdowns in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
• Schizophrenia can cause cognitive dysfunction leading to the mind not processing properly.
• Repetitive hand washing can be an action an individual cannot control.
• Suffering is a normal part of life and does not define problematic abnormal behavior.
• Distress happens if an individual is extremely upset.
• Impairment (disability) happens in an area of life (social, occupational).
• Behavior that violates social norms can be classified as abnormal.
• A psychological disorder includes psychological dysfunction, distress or impairment, and atypical response.
• Biopsychosocial perspective: Includes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
• Psychological disorders can emerge when several factors align in the perfect combination.

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior

• Supernatural Approach: Regarded psychological disorders as possession by evil or demonic spirits.
• Treatments included trephining, exorcism, and treatments recommended by the church.
• Under the supernatural approach, the movements of the moon and stars have effects on people’s psychological functioning so people used to prescribe treatments based on the lunar cycle..
• Hippocrates was the founder of modern medicine.
• Hippocrates believed bodily fluids influenced physical and mental health, leading to four personality dispositions.
• Claudius Galen developed a system of medical knowledge based on anatomical studies.
• Plato & Aristotle emphasized psychosocial treatment approaches.
• Philippe Pinel in France, William Tuke in England started institutionalization and moral therapy that encouraged normal social interaction in the 19th century,.
• 20th century saw psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, humanistic approaches and cognitive revolution.
• Currently have seen recent movements in positive psychology.

Recent Movements

• Recent approaches include Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs).
• Emphasis is on acceptance and mindfulness.

Diagnostic Process

• Delineates various diagnostic concepts
• A patient seeks treatment and a client is someone seeking psychological services
• The clinician provides treatment to improve clients lives
• Psychologists offer psychological services while Psychiatrists are physicians who can diagnose and treat.

Diagnostic Manual

• Diagnostic manuals provide definitions and standard terms or classifying disorders.
• Clinicians use diagnostic manuals to decide on the best treatment path.
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) contains standard terms and definitions and the DSM-5 is the current version.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

• The the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic system provides a diagnostic system.
• The ICD covers all diseases.

Some Disorders Listed in the DSM-5

• Neurodevelopmental disorders that usually develop during earlier years of life, primarily involving abnormal development/maturation:.
• Schizophrenia, bipolar and depressive disorders all affect your thinking, feeling , behavior with their related disorders.
• Eating disorders are severe disturbances in eating behavior and its related health disorder such as anorexia nervosa.
• Acute stress disorder, and personality disorders are other examples of classes of disorders.
• Categories within the DSM-5: Enuresis (Bladder) and Encrorpsis (Bowel.
• In epidemiological terms, prevalence applies to the total number of active cases in population during any period.
• Numbers are given as percentages.

Diagnostic Steps

• Principle diagnosis shows reason someone sought to improve problems.
• Comorbid - When other conditions occur simultaneously.
• Differential diagnoses refers to systematically ruling out alternative diagnoses.

Science of Psychopathology

• Course patterns and development of the disorders.
• Prognosis can be used to predict the development of the disorders.
• Etiology is cause of a disorder.

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Case formulation analyses the factors that influence someone’s status.
• Treatments plans is treatment outline.
• Plans can include goals.

Treatment Modality

• Forms are where clinicians offer psychotherapy and treat individuals.
• Stigmas are when someone is considered defective and is labeled.