Uncover Your Motivational Biases
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Questions and Answers

Which bias involves interpreting something we see in a way that might advantage us?

  • Information integration
  • Confirmation biases
  • Priming
  • Motivational biases (correct)

    • Which bias involves interpreting behavior in a self-serving way to maintain self-esteem?

  • Information integration
  • Confirmation biases
  • Priming
  • Motivational biases (correct)

    • Which bias involves believing that people get what they deserve and disparaging victims?

  • Priming
  • Information integration
  • Motivational biases (correct)
  • Confirmation biases

    • Impression formation is the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression based on what two factors?

    <p>Perceiver disposition and target person's trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves the tendency for recently used/perceived words/ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more of an impact on impressions than information presented later?

    <p>Deviations from the Arithmetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Confirmation biases involve the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that ____________ existing beliefs.

    <p>verifies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Covariation Theory, which of the following factors is used to attribute behavior?

    <p>Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of counterfactual thinking?

    <p>Imagining alternative events or outcomes that could have happened but didn't</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a cognitive heuristic?

    <p>False-consensus effect, availability heuristic, base-rate fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Attribution Theory, which of the following is an example of personal attribution?

    <p>Attributing behavior to internal characteristics of an actor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is more likely to exhibit the Fundamental Attribution Error?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best indicator of lying?

    <p>Looking at the evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system of thought is purposeful and involved in understanding a theory?

    <p>Slow system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the evaluation of faces?

    <p>Evaluation of faces is fast, spontaneous, and unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between baby-faced features and approachability?

    <p>Baby-faced individuals are perceived as more approachable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nonverbal behavior in revealing someone's feelings?

    <p>Nonverbal behavior can sometimes reveal someone's feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cultural variation in greetings?

    <p>Cultural greetings vary, such as handshakes, kissing on cheek, bowing, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between nonverbal cues and the expression of emotion?

    <p>Nonverbal cues are innate and understood by people all over the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of perceiving situations?

    <p>Perceiving situations helps us anticipate the goals, behaviors, and outcomes likely to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Willis and Todorov, can scripts for situations change?

    <p>Yes, scripts for situations can change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an independent variable in the study mentioned in the text?

    <p>The students' randomly assigned high IQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dependent variable in the study mentioned in the text?

    <p>The students' real IQ test scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do insecure people behave tensely and awkwardly around others?

    <p>Because they fear rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bottom line of the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

    <p>Based on careful analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help improve the accuracy of our judgments of others?

    <p>Having more experience with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals are more accurate in their social perceptions according to the text?

    <p>Well-adjusted individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that influence social perception?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception?

    <p>Quick perception is based on physical appearance, preconceptions, cognitive heuristics, or just a hint of behavioral evidence, while mindful perception is based on careful analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can insecure people's behavior lead to?

    <p>Increased rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

    <p>Quick and relatively automatic perception and mindful perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can help improve the accuracy of our judgments of others?

    <p>Experience, motivation for accuracy and open-mindedness, and being well-adjusted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do insecure people behave tensely and awkwardly around others?

    <p>They fear rejection, which makes them behave in a way that is off-putting to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nonverbal behavior in revealing someone's feelings?

    <p>Nonverbal behavior can provide cues about someone's feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals are more accurate in their social perceptions?

    <p>Those who are well-adjusted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of nonverbal behavior?

    <p>Verbal communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of perceiving situations?

    <p>To anticipate goals and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences social perception?

    <p>Verbal communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between baby-faced features and approachability?

    <p>Baby-faced individuals are perceived as more approachable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cultural variation in greetings?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that confirms existing beliefs?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of counterfactual thinking?

    <p>Imagining alternative outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best indicator of lying?

    <p>Hesitation in voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Covariation Theory, which of the following factors is used to attribute behavior?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception?

    <p>Quick perception relies on cognitive heuristics, while mindful perception involves careful consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cultural variation in greetings?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Attribution Theory, which of the following is an example of personal attribution?

    <p>Party on weekends because they are extraverts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves overestimating how much others share your own opinions, attributes, and behaviors?

    <p>False-consensus effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between baby-faced features and approachability?

    <p>Baby-faced features are associated with approachability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited?

    <p>Belief perseverance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations?

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves the tendency for recently used/perceived words/ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more of an impact on impressions than information presented later?

    <p>Primacy effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression based on perceiver disposition and a weighted average of a target person's traits?

    <p>Impression formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves interpreting behavior in a self-serving way to maintain self-esteem?

    <p>Need for self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs?

    <p>Confirmation biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception?

    <p>Quick and relatively automatic social perception is based on physical appearance and preconceptions, while mindful social perception involves carefully analyzing the target person, behavior, and situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nonverbal behavior in revealing someone's feelings?

    <p>Nonverbal behavior can reveal someone's true feelings more accurately than verbal communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can help improve the accuracy of our judgments of others?

    <p>Having more experience with each other and being motivated by concerns of accuracy and open-mindedness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between nonverbal cues and the expression of emotion?

    <p>Nonverbal cues can accurately convey the expression of emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals are more accurate in their social perceptions according to the text?

    <p>Those who are well adjusted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

    <p>Quick and relatively automatic social perception, and mindful social perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bottom line of the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

    <p>Quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception are equally accurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cultural variation in greetings?

    <p>Different cultures have different ways of greeting each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Willis and Todorov, can scripts for situations change?

    <p>Yes, scripts for situations can change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three factors of the Covariation Theory used to attribute behavior?

    <p>Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Covariation Theory, how does the covariation principle affect people's attributions?

    <p>People attribute behavior to things present when a behavior occurs and things that are absent when the behavior does not occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can you provide an example of how the covariation principle is applied in social perception?

    <p>For example, if everyone behaves in the same way to a particular factor, there is consensus. If the person reacts to stimuli in a unique way, there is distinctiveness. If the person reacts the same way in different circumstances, there is consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the covariation principle explain the example of liking the music in the background but not the food at a restaurant?

    <p>The covariation principle suggests that the person may attribute their liking for the music to the presence of the music (consistency), while attributing their dislike for the food to the absence of qualities that would make the food distinct (distinctiveness).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the false-consensus effect?

    <p>Overestimating how much others share your own opinions, attributes, and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the availability heuristic?

    <p>Estimating likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people fear plane crashes more than car accidents?

    <p>Because plane crashes are more dramatic than car accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base-rate fallacy?

    <p>People tend to be insensitive to statistics and are more compelled by graphic, dramatic presentations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does counterfactual thinking occur?

    <p>When you are on the verge of something</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are bronze medalists happier than silver medalists?

    <p>Because silver medalists are more regretful about not winning gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>Overestimating the impact of personal causes and underestimating the impact of situations when interpreting another's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is counterfactual thinking often about?

    <p>Education, career, and romance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that influences the false-consensus effect?

    <p>Personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that influences the availability heuristic?

    <p>Media influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biases and Heuristics

    • Self-serving bias: interpreting behavior in a self-serving way to maintain self-esteem
    • Just-world hypothesis: believing that people get what they deserve and disparaging victims
    • Recency effect: the tendency for recently used/perceived words/ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information
    • Primacy effect: the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more of an impact on impressions than information presented later
    • Confirmation bias: seeking, interpreting, and creating information that confirms existing beliefs
    • Hindsight bias: believing that an event was predictable after it has occurred

    Attribution Theory

    • Personal attribution: attributing behavior to internal dispositions or characteristics of the person
    • Covariation Theory: attributing behavior to the presence or absence of a particular factor
    • Three factors of the Covariation Theory: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
    • Covariation principle: the principle that people attribute behavior to the factor that covaries with the behavior

    Social Perception

    • Impression formation: the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression based on perceiver disposition and a weighted average of a target person's traits
    • Nonverbal behavior: can reveal someone's feelings
    • Cultural variation in greetings: varies across cultures
    • Insecure individuals: tend to behave tensely and awkwardly around others
    • Factors influencing social perception: perceiver disposition, target person's traits, and situational factors
    • Mindful social perception: slow, deliberate, and effortful processing of information
    • Quick and relatively automatic social perception: fast, unintentional, and effortless processing of information

    Other Concepts

    • Counterfactual thinking: thinking about what might have been if things had happened differently
    • False-consensus effect: overestimating how much others share your own opinions, attributes, and behaviors
    • Availability heuristic: judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind
    • Base-rate fallacy: ignoring the base rate of an event and focusing on the diagnosticity of the evidence
    • Fundamental attribution error: attributing behavior to dispositional causes rather than situational causes

    Debiasing Strategies

    • Awareness of biases and heuristics: helps to mitigate their influence
    • Taking the perspective of others: improves the accuracy of social perception
    • Considering alternative explanations: reduces the influence of biases and heuristics

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    Description

    Test your understanding of motivational biases with this quiz. Explore concepts such as wishful seeing and the need for self-esteem, and learn how personal hopes and preferences can impact social perceptions. Challenge your knowledge and enhance your understanding of these psychological biases.

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