Uncover Your Motivational Biases

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Questions and Answers

Which bias involves interpreting something we see in a way that might advantage us?

Information integration

Confirmation biases

Priming

Motivational biases (correct)

Which bias involves interpreting behavior in a self-serving way to maintain self-esteem?

Information integration

Confirmation biases

Priming

Motivational biases (correct)

Which bias involves believing that people get what they deserve and disparaging victims?

Priming

Information integration

Motivational biases (correct)

Confirmation biases

Impression formation is the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression based on what two factors?

Perceiver disposition and target person's trait Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves the tendency for recently used/perceived words/ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more of an impact on impressions than information presented later?

Deviations from the Arithmetic Signup and view all the answers

Confirmation biases involve the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that ____________ existing beliefs.

verifies Signup and view all the answers

According to the Covariation Theory, which of the following factors is used to attribute behavior?

Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of counterfactual thinking?

Imagining alternative events or outcomes that could have happened but didn't Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive heuristic?

False-consensus effect, availability heuristic, base-rate fallacy Signup and view all the answers

According to the Attribution Theory, which of the following is an example of personal attribution?

Attributing behavior to internal characteristics of an actor Signup and view all the answers

Which group is more likely to exhibit the Fundamental Attribution Error?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the best indicator of lying?

Looking at the evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which system of thought is purposeful and involved in understanding a theory?

Slow system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the evaluation of faces?

Evaluation of faces is fast, spontaneous, and unconscious Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between baby-faced features and approachability?

Baby-faced individuals are perceived as more approachable Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nonverbal behavior in revealing someone's feelings?

Nonverbal behavior can sometimes reveal someone's feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is the cultural variation in greetings?

Cultural greetings vary, such as handshakes, kissing on cheek, bowing, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between nonverbal cues and the expression of emotion?

Nonverbal cues are innate and understood by people all over the world Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of perceiving situations?

Perceiving situations helps us anticipate the goals, behaviors, and outcomes likely to occur Signup and view all the answers

According to Willis and Todorov, can scripts for situations change?

Yes, scripts for situations can change Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an independent variable in the study mentioned in the text?

The students' randomly assigned high IQ Signup and view all the answers

What was the dependent variable in the study mentioned in the text?

The students' real IQ test scores Signup and view all the answers

Why do insecure people behave tensely and awkwardly around others?

Because they fear rejection Signup and view all the answers

What is the bottom line of the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

Based on careful analysis Signup and view all the answers

What can help improve the accuracy of our judgments of others?

Having more experience with each other Signup and view all the answers

What type of individuals are more accurate in their social perceptions according to the text?

Well-adjusted individuals Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that influence social perception?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception?

Quick perception is based on physical appearance, preconceptions, cognitive heuristics, or just a hint of behavioral evidence, while mindful perception is based on careful analysis Signup and view all the answers

What can insecure people's behavior lead to?

Increased rejection Signup and view all the answers

What are the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

Quick and relatively automatic perception and mindful perception. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can help improve the accuracy of our judgments of others?

Experience, motivation for accuracy and open-mindedness, and being well-adjusted. Signup and view all the answers

Why do insecure people behave tensely and awkwardly around others?

They fear rejection, which makes them behave in a way that is off-putting to others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nonverbal behavior in revealing someone's feelings?

Nonverbal behavior can provide cues about someone's feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What type of individuals are more accurate in their social perceptions?

Those who are well-adjusted. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of nonverbal behavior?

Verbal communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of perceiving situations?

To anticipate goals and outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences social perception?

Verbal communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between baby-faced features and approachability?

Baby-faced individuals are perceived as more approachable Signup and view all the answers

What is the cultural variation in greetings?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that confirms existing beliefs?

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of counterfactual thinking?

Imagining alternative outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the best indicator of lying?

Hesitation in voice Signup and view all the answers

According to the Covariation Theory, which of the following factors is used to attribute behavior?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception?

Quick perception relies on cognitive heuristics, while mindful perception involves careful consideration Signup and view all the answers

What is the cultural variation in greetings?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the Attribution Theory, which of the following is an example of personal attribution?

Party on weekends because they are extraverts Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves overestimating how much others share your own opinions, attributes, and behaviors?

False-consensus effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between baby-faced features and approachability?

Baby-faced features are associated with approachability Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited?

Belief perseverance Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations?

Self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves the tendency for recently used/perceived words/ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more of an impact on impressions than information presented later?

Primacy effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression based on perceiver disposition and a weighted average of a target person's traits?

Impression formation Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves interpreting behavior in a self-serving way to maintain self-esteem?

Need for self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs?

Confirmation biases Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception?

Quick and relatively automatic social perception is based on physical appearance and preconceptions, while mindful social perception involves carefully analyzing the target person, behavior, and situation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nonverbal behavior in revealing someone's feelings?

Nonverbal behavior can reveal someone's true feelings more accurately than verbal communication. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can help improve the accuracy of our judgments of others?

Having more experience with each other and being motivated by concerns of accuracy and open-mindedness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between nonverbal cues and the expression of emotion?

Nonverbal cues can accurately convey the expression of emotion. Signup and view all the answers

What type of individuals are more accurate in their social perceptions according to the text?

Those who are well adjusted. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

Quick and relatively automatic social perception, and mindful social perception. Signup and view all the answers

What is the bottom line of the two different views of social perception mentioned in the text?

Quick and relatively automatic social perception and mindful social perception are equally accurate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cultural variation in greetings?

Different cultures have different ways of greeting each other. Signup and view all the answers

According to Willis and Todorov, can scripts for situations change?

Yes, scripts for situations can change over time. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three factors of the Covariation Theory used to attribute behavior?

Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency Signup and view all the answers

According to the Covariation Theory, how does the covariation principle affect people's attributions?

People attribute behavior to things present when a behavior occurs and things that are absent when the behavior does not occur. Signup and view all the answers

Can you provide an example of how the covariation principle is applied in social perception?

For example, if everyone behaves in the same way to a particular factor, there is consensus. If the person reacts to stimuli in a unique way, there is distinctiveness. If the person reacts the same way in different circumstances, there is consistency. Signup and view all the answers

How does the covariation principle explain the example of liking the music in the background but not the food at a restaurant?

The covariation principle suggests that the person may attribute their liking for the music to the presence of the music (consistency), while attributing their dislike for the food to the absence of qualities that would make the food distinct (distinctiveness). Signup and view all the answers

What is the false-consensus effect?

Overestimating how much others share your own opinions, attributes, and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the availability heuristic?

Estimating likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind Signup and view all the answers

Why do people fear plane crashes more than car accidents?

Because plane crashes are more dramatic than car accidents Signup and view all the answers

What is the base-rate fallacy?

People tend to be insensitive to statistics and are more compelled by graphic, dramatic presentations Signup and view all the answers

When does counterfactual thinking occur?

When you are on the verge of something Signup and view all the answers

Why are bronze medalists happier than silver medalists?

Because silver medalists are more regretful about not winning gold Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Overestimating the impact of personal causes and underestimating the impact of situations when interpreting another's behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is counterfactual thinking often about?

Education, career, and romance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that influences the false-consensus effect?

Personal experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that influences the availability heuristic?

Media influence Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biases and Heuristics

Self-serving bias: interpreting behavior in a self-serving way to maintain self-esteem
Just-world hypothesis: believing that people get what they deserve and disparaging victims
Recency effect: the tendency for recently used/perceived words/ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information
Primacy effect: the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more of an impact on impressions than information presented later
Confirmation bias: seeking, interpreting, and creating information that confirms existing beliefs
Hindsight bias: believing that an event was predictable after it has occurred

Attribution Theory

Personal attribution: attributing behavior to internal dispositions or characteristics of the person
Covariation Theory: attributing behavior to the presence or absence of a particular factor
Three factors of the Covariation Theory: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
Covariation principle: the principle that people attribute behavior to the factor that covaries with the behavior

Impression formation: the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression based on perceiver disposition and a weighted average of a target person's traits
Nonverbal behavior: can reveal someone's feelings
Cultural variation in greetings: varies across cultures
Insecure individuals: tend to behave tensely and awkwardly around others
Factors influencing social perception: perceiver disposition, target person's traits, and situational factors
Mindful social perception: slow, deliberate, and effortful processing of information
Quick and relatively automatic social perception: fast, unintentional, and effortless processing of information

Other Concepts

Counterfactual thinking: thinking about what might have been if things had happened differently
False-consensus effect: overestimating how much others share your own opinions, attributes, and behaviors
Availability heuristic: judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind
Base-rate fallacy: ignoring the base rate of an event and focusing on the diagnosticity of the evidence
Fundamental attribution error: attributing behavior to dispositional causes rather than situational causes

Debiasing Strategies

Awareness of biases and heuristics: helps to mitigate their influence
Taking the perspective of others: improves the accuracy of social perception
Considering alternative explanations: reduces the influence of biases and heuristics

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your understanding of motivational biases with this quiz. Explore concepts such as wishful seeing and the need for self-esteem, and learn how personal hopes and preferences can impact social perceptions. Challenge your knowledge and enhance your understanding of these psychological biases.