Impression Formation and Cognitive Biases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

According to Harold Kelley's covariation model, what type of information do people use to validate their causal attributions?

  • Similarity, proximity, and closure
  • Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus (correct)
  • Accuracy, relevance, and sufficiency
  • Frequency, intensity, and duration

    • In the context of the text, what does distinctiveness refer to in Harold Kelley's covariation model?

  • The frequency of Sema's laughter at comedians
  • Whether Sema laughed at any comedian or laughed hard at a specific one (correct)
  • The number of people who found Cem Yılmaz funny
  • The consistency of Sema's behavior in finding comedians funny

    • What is the purpose of asking whether there is a consensus among those who saw Cem Yılmaz in the context of Kelley's covariation model?

  • To confirm the accuracy of Sema's statement about Cem Yılmaz
  • To establish the frequency of Cem Yılmaz's performances
  • To assess the relevance of Cem Yılmaz's humor to Sema
  • To determine if others find Cem Yılmaz funny as well (correct)

    • Why is assessing the consistency of Sema's behavior important in Kelley's covariation model?

    <p>To determine if Sema laughed at Cem Yılmaz only on the last night or finds him funny in other situations as well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?

    <p>Eye contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible meaning of a smile in nonverbal communication?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication conveys variations in speech other than the verbal content?

    <p>Paralanguage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of nonverbal leakage indicates nervousness?

    <p>Body language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with people who are perceived as liars or who are instructed to tell lies?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?

    <p>When there are multiple potential causes present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>Tendency to attribute others' behaviors to their dispositions rather than situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario are people more likely to make situational attributions for others' behavior?

    <p>When they don't know the person well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actor-observer effect?

    <p>Tendency to attribute external causes to others' behavior and internal causes to own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?

    <p>People overestimated the role of internal dispositions in others' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to attribution theory, what simplifying process do people use when assessing covariation along one factor?

    <p>Assessing distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did Darwin propose about facial expressions?

    <p>They convey the same emotional states in all cultures based on evolutionary theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture?

    <p>Body language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the universality of emotional expressions, according to the evolutionary explanation?

    <p>To allow for effective communication and control of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?

    <p>Proxemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nonverbal communication can convey dominance, sympathy, or liking, often unconsciously?

    <p>Visible nonverbal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Woodworth propose about emotions?

    <p>Emotions can be arranged on a continuum and people can distinguish emotions that are far apart on this continuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nonverbal channel includes paralinguistic features such as tone of voice, pitch, and speaking rate?

    <p>Paralinguistic nonverbal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?

    <p>&quot;Sign language&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the function of obscene gestures?

    <p>They have well-known meanings and are a form of sign language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is an important function of emotional expressions and gestures?

    <p>Allow effective communication and control behavior among humans and other primates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Woodworth propose about distinguishing emotions?

    <p>People can distinguish emotions that are far apart on a continuum, but not those that are close.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the distance between individuals in different cultures?

    <p>Proxemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?

    <p>Impressions may be inaccurate due to various evaluative and cognitive biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which type of perceptions are relatively accurate?

    <p>Perception of observable behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences our perceptions according to the text?

    <p>Personal preferences for specific personality dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what enhances accuracy in inferring internal traits from observable behavior?

    <p>Common trait definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?

    <p>Situational information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of empathy induction on accuracy according to the text?

    <p>It enhances accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hinders agreement according to the text?

    <p>Idiosyncratic trait definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cultural background influence accuracy in judging observable traits according to the text?

    <p>It significantly decreases accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?

    <p>Due to overconfidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?

    <p>More historical knowledge about their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do observers rely on to attribute actor's behavior to dispositions?

    <p>Directly observable events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?

    <p>Empathy or feeling of similarity towards the person being observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people overestimate, likely due to being around like-minded individuals or the salience of their own opinions?

    <p>Commonality of their own behavior and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?

    <p>Their own internal characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can self-serving bias lead to according to the text?

    <p>Increased attempts at related tasks and improved chances of success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do biases in causal attribution originate from according to the text?

    <p>Cognitive shortcuts and motivational needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not explicitly discussed in the text regarding people's perceptions of others?

    <p>The accuracy of people's perceptions of others is not explicitly discussed in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?

    <p>People overestimating the commonality of their own behavior and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect do multiple channels of communication help in forming in relation to nonverbal leakage?

    <p>Variations in speech other than the verbal content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?

    <p>It refers to how unique a person's behavior is across different situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Harold Kelley's covariation model, what type of information do people use to validate their tentative causal attributions?

    <p>Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?

    <p>Perceptual salience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?

    <p>Access to internal states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?

    <p>Kinesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?

    <p>Consistency across situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what enhances accuracy in inferring internal traits from observable behavior?

    <p>Empathy induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?

    <p>Paralinguistic features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?

    <p>Impressions may be inaccurate due to various biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?

    <p>Behavior variation across different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?

    <p>Overconfidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can self-serving bias lead to according to the text?

    <p>Inaccurate predictions of future behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actor-observer effect?

    <p>'The tendency for actors to attribute their own behavior to situational factors and observers to attribute the actor's behavior to dispositional factors'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?

    <p>'When situational factors are strong'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Woodworth propose about emotions?

    <p>Distinguishing emotions is difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?

    <p>Verbal content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?

    <p>Dispositional factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the distance between individuals in different cultures?

    <p>Proxemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?

    <p>Behavioral consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?

    <p>When there is high distinctiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?

    <p>Emotional connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hinders agreement according to the text?

    <p>Cultural background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?

    <p>Historical knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do observers rely on to attribute actor's behavior to dispositions?

    <p>Salience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?

    <p>'Self-serving attributional bias'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?

    <p>'Empathy'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?

    <p>'Internal characteristics'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?

    <p>'Variation across situations'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences our perceptions according to the text?

    <p>Cognitive biases and shortcuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?

    <p>Intimate distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?

    <p>Emblems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?

    <p>Internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actor-observer effect?

    <p>Tendency as an actor to attribute external or situational cause to our own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?

    <p>People overestimated the role of internal dispositions in others' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Woodworth propose about distinguishing emotions?

    <p>Distinguishing emotions is based on facial expressions and gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture?

    <p>Kinesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?

    <p>Chronemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?

    <p>When high distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?

    <p>The tendency for individuals to believe that others agree with their own opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not explicitly discussed in the text regarding people's perceptions of others?

    <p>The predictability of future behavior based on observable traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Woodworth propose about the arrangement of emotions?

    <p>Emotions can be arranged on a continuum, and people can distinguish emotions that are far apart on this continuum, but not those that are close.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?

    <p>Proxemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the function of obscene gestures?

    <p>To convey well-known meanings and are a form of sign language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?

    <p>Due to overestimating, likely due to being around like-minded individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?

    <p>The tendency for people to attribute success to internal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actor-observer effect?

    <p>The tendency for observers to rely on actor's behavior to dispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?

    <p>Research findings suggest that impressions of others are relatively accurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>The tendency for people to attribute success to internal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darwin proposed about facial expressions?

    <p>Facial expressions convey the same emotional states in all cultures based on evolutionary theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?

    <p>People attributed others' behavior based on their cultural background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the meaning of gestures in nonverbal communication?

    <p>Eye contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a smile convey in nonverbal communication, depending on the context?

    <p>Support, encouragement, and looking down on somebody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is assessing the consistency of behavior important in Kelley's covariation model?

    <p>To determine the distinctiveness of the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario are people more likely to make situational attributions for others' behavior?

    <p>When multiple channels of communication are available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?

    <p>Kinesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what do research findings suggest about impressions of others?

    <p>Impressions are more accurate with access to all channels of communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>Overestimating the influence of dispositional factors on others' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nonverbal communication conveys variations in speech other than the verbal content?

    <p>Paralanguage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?

    <p>The tendency to overestimate consensus about oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Sema's behavior of laughing at comedians is attributed to herself, the comedian, or the context.

    • Three tests for determining if comedian caused Sema's laughter: high distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency.

    • People simplify attribution process by assessing covariation along one factor.

    • Kelley's discounting principle: less likely to attribute effect to one cause if multiple potential causes are present.

    • Fundamental attribution error: tendency to attribute others' behaviors to their dispositions rather than situations.

    • Experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) found people overestimated role of internal dispositions in others' behavior.

    • Attributions of dispositional qualities to others can be made spontaneously and without awareness.

    • When minds are busy, less likely to reach correction phase and more likely to make dispositional attributions.

    • More likely to make situational attributions for people we know well, expect contact in the future, when situational information is salient, or when we don't know person's motive.

    • Actor-observer effect: as an actor, more likely to attribute external or situational cause to our own behavior.

    • Experiment by Nisbett, Caputo, Lee, and Mareck (1972) found men made more internal attributions for their own behavior and external attributions for others' behavior.

    • Actors and observers provide different explanations for the same events due to access to different information and perspectives.

    • Actors have more historical knowledge about their behavior in various situations than observers, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions and dispositional reasons for friends' actions.

    • Observers rely on directly observable events and attribute actor's behavior to dispositions due to the actor's salience in their field of vision.

    • The actor-observer effect is weakened when empathy or feeling of similarity towards the person being observed is present.

    • People overestimate the commonality of their own behavior and beliefs, known as selfish consensus, likely due to being around like-minded individuals or the salience of their own opinions.

    • People attribute success to their own internal characteristics and failure to external factors, a self-serving attributional bias.

    • Self-serving bias can lead to increased attempts at related tasks and improved chances of success.

    • Biases in causal attribution originate from cognitive shortcuts and motivational needs, such as efforts to maintain self-esteem or control perception of life events.

    • The accuracy of people's perceptions of others is not explicitly discussed in the text.

    • Humans have the ability to accurately perceive emotions of others through facial expressions, which is a universal phenomenon across cultures.

    • Darwin proposed that facial expressions convey the same emotional states in all cultures based on evolutionary theory.

    • Facial expressions such as raised eyebrows, tightened eyelids, parted lips, and closed eyes are consistent responses across cultures when experiencing pain.

    • The evolutionary explanation for the universality of emotional expressions is that they allow for effective communication and control of behavior.

    • Woodworth proposed that emotions can be arranged on a continuum and people can distinguish emotions that are far apart on this continuum, but not those that are close.

    • Nonverbal communication is an important aspect of human interaction and can convey dominance, sympathy, or liking, often unconsciously.

    • There are cultural differences in how emotions are communicated and people are more accurate at judging emotions expressed by members of their own culture.

    • Communication occurs through three channels: verbal, visible nonverbal, and paralinguistic nonverbal.

    • Body language, a part of the visible nonverbal channel, includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture, and can convey specific information or emotions.

    • Friends and intimates stand closer to each other than strangers or those not attracted to them sexually, which can be a sign of interest or friendship.

    • Gestures and posture convey information to others and can have specific meanings, such as "stop," "come," or "goodbye."

    • Obscene gestures also have well-known meanings and are a form of sign language.

    • Emotional expressions and gestures have evolved to allow effective communication and control behavior among humans and other primates.

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