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Questions and Answers
According to Harold Kelley's covariation model, what type of information do people use to validate their causal attributions?
According to Harold Kelley's covariation model, what type of information do people use to validate their causal attributions?
- Similarity, proximity, and closure
- Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus (correct)
- Accuracy, relevance, and sufficiency
- Frequency, intensity, and duration
In the context of the text, what does distinctiveness refer to in Harold Kelley's covariation model?
In the context of the text, what does distinctiveness refer to in Harold Kelley's covariation model?
- The frequency of Sema's laughter at comedians
- Whether Sema laughed at any comedian or laughed hard at a specific one (correct)
- The number of people who found Cem Yılmaz funny
- The consistency of Sema's behavior in finding comedians funny
What is the purpose of asking whether there is a consensus among those who saw Cem Yılmaz in the context of Kelley's covariation model?
What is the purpose of asking whether there is a consensus among those who saw Cem Yılmaz in the context of Kelley's covariation model?
- To confirm the accuracy of Sema's statement about Cem Yılmaz
- To establish the frequency of Cem Yılmaz's performances
- To assess the relevance of Cem Yılmaz's humor to Sema
- To determine if others find Cem Yılmaz funny as well (correct)
Why is assessing the consistency of Sema's behavior important in Kelley's covariation model?
Why is assessing the consistency of Sema's behavior important in Kelley's covariation model?
What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?
What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?
What is a possible meaning of a smile in nonverbal communication?
What is a possible meaning of a smile in nonverbal communication?
Which type of communication conveys variations in speech other than the verbal content?
Which type of communication conveys variations in speech other than the verbal content?
What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?
What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?
Which aspect of nonverbal leakage indicates nervousness?
Which aspect of nonverbal leakage indicates nervousness?
What characteristic is associated with people who are perceived as liars or who are instructed to tell lies?
What characteristic is associated with people who are perceived as liars or who are instructed to tell lies?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
In which scenario are people more likely to make situational attributions for others' behavior?
In which scenario are people more likely to make situational attributions for others' behavior?
What is the actor-observer effect?
What is the actor-observer effect?
What did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?
What did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?
According to attribution theory, what simplifying process do people use when assessing covariation along one factor?
According to attribution theory, what simplifying process do people use when assessing covariation along one factor?
According to the text, what did Darwin propose about facial expressions?
According to the text, what did Darwin propose about facial expressions?
Which aspect of nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture?
Which aspect of nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture?
What is the main reason for the universality of emotional expressions, according to the evolutionary explanation?
What is the main reason for the universality of emotional expressions, according to the evolutionary explanation?
What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?
What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?
Which type of nonverbal communication can convey dominance, sympathy, or liking, often unconsciously?
Which type of nonverbal communication can convey dominance, sympathy, or liking, often unconsciously?
What did Woodworth propose about emotions?
What did Woodworth propose about emotions?
Which nonverbal channel includes paralinguistic features such as tone of voice, pitch, and speaking rate?
Which nonverbal channel includes paralinguistic features such as tone of voice, pitch, and speaking rate?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
According to the text, what is the function of obscene gestures?
According to the text, what is the function of obscene gestures?
According to the text, what is an important function of emotional expressions and gestures?
According to the text, what is an important function of emotional expressions and gestures?
What did Woodworth propose about distinguishing emotions?
What did Woodworth propose about distinguishing emotions?
What is the term used to describe the study of the distance between individuals in different cultures?
What is the term used to describe the study of the distance between individuals in different cultures?
What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
According to the text, which type of perceptions are relatively accurate?
According to the text, which type of perceptions are relatively accurate?
What influences our perceptions according to the text?
What influences our perceptions according to the text?
According to the text, what enhances accuracy in inferring internal traits from observable behavior?
According to the text, what enhances accuracy in inferring internal traits from observable behavior?
What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?
What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?
What is the effect of empathy induction on accuracy according to the text?
What is the effect of empathy induction on accuracy according to the text?
What hinders agreement according to the text?
What hinders agreement according to the text?
How does cultural background influence accuracy in judging observable traits according to the text?
How does cultural background influence accuracy in judging observable traits according to the text?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?
What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?
What do observers rely on to attribute actor's behavior to dispositions?
What do observers rely on to attribute actor's behavior to dispositions?
What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?
What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?
What do people overestimate, likely due to being around like-minded individuals or the salience of their own opinions?
What do people overestimate, likely due to being around like-minded individuals or the salience of their own opinions?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What can self-serving bias lead to according to the text?
What can self-serving bias lead to according to the text?
Where do biases in causal attribution originate from according to the text?
Where do biases in causal attribution originate from according to the text?
What is not explicitly discussed in the text regarding people's perceptions of others?
What is not explicitly discussed in the text regarding people's perceptions of others?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
What aspect do multiple channels of communication help in forming in relation to nonverbal leakage?
What aspect do multiple channels of communication help in forming in relation to nonverbal leakage?
What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?
What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?
According to Harold Kelley's covariation model, what type of information do people use to validate their tentative causal attributions?
According to Harold Kelley's covariation model, what type of information do people use to validate their tentative causal attributions?
What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?
What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?
What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?
What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?
What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?
According to the text, what enhances accuracy in inferring internal traits from observable behavior?
According to the text, what enhances accuracy in inferring internal traits from observable behavior?
What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?
What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?
What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?
What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
What can self-serving bias lead to according to the text?
What can self-serving bias lead to according to the text?
What is the actor-observer effect?
What is the actor-observer effect?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
What did Woodworth propose about emotions?
What did Woodworth propose about emotions?
What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?
What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What is the term used to describe the study of the distance between individuals in different cultures?
What is the term used to describe the study of the distance between individuals in different cultures?
What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?
What factor influences consensus about a target's attributes according to the text?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?
What do multiple channels of communication help in forming?
What hinders agreement according to the text?
What hinders agreement according to the text?
What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?
What do actors have that observers do not, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions?
What do observers rely on to attribute actor's behavior to dispositions?
What do observers rely on to attribute actor's behavior to dispositions?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?
What weakens the actor-observer effect according to the text?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?
What is distinctiveness in relation to Harold Kelley's covariation model?
What influences our perceptions according to the text?
What influences our perceptions according to the text?
What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?
What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What do people attribute success to according to the self-serving attributional bias?
What is the actor-observer effect?
What is the actor-observer effect?
According to the text, what did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?
According to the text, what did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?
What did Woodworth propose about distinguishing emotions?
What did Woodworth propose about distinguishing emotions?
What aspect of nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture?
What aspect of nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture?
What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?
What aspect of nonverbal communication is greatly influenced by context and culture?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
According to Kelley's discounting principle, when are people less likely to attribute an effect to one cause?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
What is not explicitly discussed in the text regarding people's perceptions of others?
What is not explicitly discussed in the text regarding people's perceptions of others?
What did Woodworth propose about the arrangement of emotions?
What did Woodworth propose about the arrangement of emotions?
What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?
What is the term used to describe the distance between friends or intimates compared to strangers or those not attracted to them sexually?
According to the text, what is the function of obscene gestures?
According to the text, what is the function of obscene gestures?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
Why are predictions of future behavior often inaccurate according to the text?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
What is the actor-observer effect?
What is the actor-observer effect?
What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
What do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
According to Darwin proposed about facial expressions?
According to Darwin proposed about facial expressions?
What did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?
What did the experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) find regarding people's attributions of others' behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the meaning of gestures in nonverbal communication?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the meaning of gestures in nonverbal communication?
What can a smile convey in nonverbal communication, depending on the context?
What can a smile convey in nonverbal communication, depending on the context?
Why is assessing the consistency of behavior important in Kelley's covariation model?
Why is assessing the consistency of behavior important in Kelley's covariation model?
In what scenario are people more likely to make situational attributions for others' behavior?
In what scenario are people more likely to make situational attributions for others' behavior?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
What is the term used to describe specific meanings conveyed through gestures and posture?
According to the text, what do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
According to the text, what do research findings suggest about impressions of others?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Which type of nonverbal communication conveys variations in speech other than the verbal content?
Which type of nonverbal communication conveys variations in speech other than the verbal content?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
What does selfish consensus refer to in the context of the text?
Study Notes
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Sema's behavior of laughing at comedians is attributed to herself, the comedian, or the context.
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Three tests for determining if comedian caused Sema's laughter: high distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency.
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People simplify attribution process by assessing covariation along one factor.
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Kelley's discounting principle: less likely to attribute effect to one cause if multiple potential causes are present.
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Fundamental attribution error: tendency to attribute others' behaviors to their dispositions rather than situations.
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Experiment by Harris and Jones (1967) found people overestimated role of internal dispositions in others' behavior.
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Attributions of dispositional qualities to others can be made spontaneously and without awareness.
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When minds are busy, less likely to reach correction phase and more likely to make dispositional attributions.
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More likely to make situational attributions for people we know well, expect contact in the future, when situational information is salient, or when we don't know person's motive.
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Actor-observer effect: as an actor, more likely to attribute external or situational cause to our own behavior.
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Experiment by Nisbett, Caputo, Lee, and Mareck (1972) found men made more internal attributions for their own behavior and external attributions for others' behavior.
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Actors and observers provide different explanations for the same events due to access to different information and perspectives.
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Actors have more historical knowledge about their behavior in various situations than observers, leading them to give more situational reasons for their actions and dispositional reasons for friends' actions.
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Observers rely on directly observable events and attribute actor's behavior to dispositions due to the actor's salience in their field of vision.
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The actor-observer effect is weakened when empathy or feeling of similarity towards the person being observed is present.
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People overestimate the commonality of their own behavior and beliefs, known as selfish consensus, likely due to being around like-minded individuals or the salience of their own opinions.
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People attribute success to their own internal characteristics and failure to external factors, a self-serving attributional bias.
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Self-serving bias can lead to increased attempts at related tasks and improved chances of success.
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Biases in causal attribution originate from cognitive shortcuts and motivational needs, such as efforts to maintain self-esteem or control perception of life events.
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The accuracy of people's perceptions of others is not explicitly discussed in the text.
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Humans have the ability to accurately perceive emotions of others through facial expressions, which is a universal phenomenon across cultures.
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Darwin proposed that facial expressions convey the same emotional states in all cultures based on evolutionary theory.
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Facial expressions such as raised eyebrows, tightened eyelids, parted lips, and closed eyes are consistent responses across cultures when experiencing pain.
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The evolutionary explanation for the universality of emotional expressions is that they allow for effective communication and control of behavior.
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Woodworth proposed that emotions can be arranged on a continuum and people can distinguish emotions that are far apart on this continuum, but not those that are close.
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Nonverbal communication is an important aspect of human interaction and can convey dominance, sympathy, or liking, often unconsciously.
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There are cultural differences in how emotions are communicated and people are more accurate at judging emotions expressed by members of their own culture.
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Communication occurs through three channels: verbal, visible nonverbal, and paralinguistic nonverbal.
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Body language, a part of the visible nonverbal channel, includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture, and can convey specific information or emotions.
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Friends and intimates stand closer to each other than strangers or those not attracted to them sexually, which can be a sign of interest or friendship.
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Gestures and posture convey information to others and can have specific meanings, such as "stop," "come," or "goodbye."
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Obscene gestures also have well-known meanings and are a form of sign language.
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Emotional expressions and gestures have evolved to allow effective communication and control behavior among humans and other primates.
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Description
Test your understanding of impression formation, evaluative and cognitive biases that impact our judgements of others. Explore how external attributes are perceived accurately while internal states may be inaccurately inferred.
