UCLA SOC 1 Final Exam Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the hidden curriculum?

An informal lesson learned in school

A method of teaching that focuses on accountability

A governmental educational program

A requirement for specific degrees or certificates before job consideration (correct)

What does human capital refer to?

The stock of experience, knowledge, skills, and habits that an individual has.

What does credentialism mean?

Equity in education

A focus on human capital

A requirement for specific degrees or certificates before job consideration (correct)

The belief in recreational degrees

What are soft skills?

Social skills that enhance job performance and likelihood of success. Signup and view all the answers

What does the human capital theory argue?

Education provides knowledge and skills that make workers more productive. Signup and view all the answers

What is allocation theory?

Sifting and sorting people into their future roles in life. Signup and view all the answers

What is educational homogamy?

The practice of marrying individuals with similar educational levels. Signup and view all the answers

What does demography study?

Populations and population trends. Signup and view all the answers

What is a census?

A count of everyone residing in a particular location. Signup and view all the answers

What are reasons to study population?

To estimate future social trends and determine political boundaries. Signup and view all the answers

How is fertility measured?

By the number of live births per woman of childbearing age. Signup and view all the answers

What does mortality refer to?

Death rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is migration?

The movement into and out of a region or country. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total fertility rate?

The average number of children an average woman has in her lifetime. Signup and view all the answers

What is replacement fertility?

About 2.1 children per woman necessary to replace the population. Signup and view all the answers

What are age pyramids?

Plots showing the size of the population in each age group. Signup and view all the answers

What is population momentum?

Occurs when the cohort of women of childbearing age is still large despite a declining fertility rate. Signup and view all the answers

What does epidemiology study?

Health-related events in populations, their causes, and consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epidemiological transition?

The transition from health conditions involving infectious diseases to those involving chronic diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'baby boom' refer to?

The period from 1946 to 1964 when there was a temporary spike in fertility in the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cohort?

Persons born during the same time period. Signup and view all the answers

What is life expectancy?

The average number of years a population can expect to live. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a megacity?

Cities with populations over 10 million. Signup and view all the answers

What is a megaregion?

Formed when two or more large cities in proximity are linked together. Signup and view all the answers

What are suburbs?

Areas within metropolitan regions outside the political boundaries of central cities. Signup and view all the answers

What is redlining?

The outlining of predominantly Black or racially mixed neighborhoods in red on maps. Signup and view all the answers

What is suburban sprawl?

The stretching out of suburban boundaries. Signup and view all the answers

What are edge cities?

Concentrated areas of business, shopping, and entertainment outside historical urban centers. Signup and view all the answers

What is gentrification?

The process of neighborhood change through new investment and establishments. Signup and view all the answers

What are social ties?

Connections among individuals, crucial for community formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is social capital?

Resources available to individuals through their relationships and networks. Signup and view all the answers

What is urban renewal?

Policies aimed at redeveloping slum housing that can lead to displacement of poor communities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Great Migration?

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest. Signup and view all the answers

What did the 1968 Fair Housing Act do?

Made discrimination in housing markets illegal. Signup and view all the answers

What is segmented assimilation?

Describes upward and downward trajectories for immigrants and their children. Signup and view all the answers

What are ethnic enclaves?

Stable sections of cities dominated by specific ethnic groups. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a global city?

An urban center housing the headquarters of transnational firms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the division of labor?

The specialization of individuals into different tasks within an economic system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the labor market?

The process through which workers and employers connect. Signup and view all the answers

What is a post-industrial society?

A society where growth is generated by knowledge and expertise rather than goods. Signup and view all the answers

What is the gig economy?

A labor market characterized by short-term jobs and job flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

What does the labor process describe?

How jobs are organized and controlled by managers. Signup and view all the answers

What is deskilling?

Jobs being simplified, making workers interchangeable. Signup and view all the answers

What is telecommuting?

White-collar workers performing jobs from home. Signup and view all the answers

What are unions?

Organizations that help workers gain power in the labor process. Signup and view all the answers

What does government job regulation entail?

Regulations that govern work hours, pay, and employment conditions. Signup and view all the answers

How can inequality be measured?

By looking at income, wealth, and consumption. Signup and view all the answers

What is social stratification?

The categorization of groups into different strata or social classes. Signup and view all the answers

What is income?

The amount earned in a specific period. Signup and view all the answers

What is wealth?

The total amount of assets owned. Signup and view all the answers

What is consumption?

The actual usage of goods and services by individuals or families. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four criteria/features of a social class?

Members have conflicting economic interests Signup and view all the answers

What is social mobility?

The movement across socioeconomic strata over generations. Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect social mobility?

Labor markets, government policies, and educational access. Signup and view all the answers

What is poverty?

The inability to afford basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. Signup and view all the answers

What is economic restructuring?

Changes in the economy, firms, and employment relations since the 1970s. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phenomena that affect population size?

Births, deaths, and immigration/emigration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first demographic transition?

The shift from high fertility and mortality to low fertility and mortality. Signup and view all the answers

Why do the U.S. and Japan have population growth despite low fertility rates?

Due to immigration and population momentum. Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence fertility?

Infant mortality rates, economic development, birth control, childrearing, and societal norms. Signup and view all the answers

What does the second demographic transition involve?

Increases in divorce, premarital sexual activity, cohabitation, and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavioral economics concept?

Revolutionizing the understanding that individuals do not always act rationally. Signup and view all the answers

What does economic sociology critique?

The implications of social context on market behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does embeddedness refer to?

The integration of individuals and firms within their social context. Signup and view all the answers

What sociological concept shapes economic behavior?

Norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the McDonaldization of society?

The trend of standardization leading to diminished variety and innovation. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organization?

A group with an identifiable purpose and enduring structure. Signup and view all the answers

Why do organizations persist?

Interests in survival, value of brand, and developed bureaucracies. Signup and view all the answers

What are disadvantages of bureaucratization?

Creates stifling routines and limits creativity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a niche?

A distinct segment of the market or social process. Signup and view all the answers

What is organizational isomorphism?

The process of organizations in the same field becoming increasingly similar. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of isomorphism?

Coercive, normative, and mimetic. Signup and view all the answers

What is coercive isomorphism?

Organizations complying with legal requirements. Signup and view all the answers

What is normative isomorphism?

Responses to legitimacy pressures on organizations. Signup and view all the answers

What is competitive isomorphism?

Entities engaged in competition becoming similar to strengthen their position. Signup and view all the answers

What is mimetic isomorphism?

Similar organizations adopting the same rules and procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the boundaries of social classes?

Income, wealth, occupational status. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates skilled workers from nonskilled workers?

Skilled workers require specialized training, while nonskilled workers perform simpler tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What does the skill-biased technological change hypothesis suggest?

Technological changes increased demand and wages for high-skilled workers. Signup and view all the answers

What are two key factors relating how U.S. workers fare compared to similar countries?

Role of unions and government laws. Signup and view all the answers

What are four reasons for the increase in income inequality?

Technology, decline in manufacturing, globalization, and government policies. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hidden Curriculum and Human Capital

Hidden Curriculum: Refers to implicit educational requirements like specific degrees necessary for job consideration.
Human Capital: Comprises an individual's skills, knowledge, and experience that contribute to productivity in the labor force.

Credentialism and Soft Skills

Credentialism: Similar to hidden curriculum, emphasizing formal degrees or certifications for job opportunities.
Soft Skills: Noncognitive traits such as punctuality, task focus, and interpersonal relations, enhancing job performance.

Theories in Education and Allocation

Human Capital Theory: Suggests education increases productivity, with both hard and soft skills being valued by employers.
Allocation Theory: Describes the process of categorizing individuals into roles they are likely to occupy in life.

Demographic Concepts

Educational Homogamy: Tendency for individuals to marry others with similar educational backgrounds.
Demography: The study of population trends, characteristics, and dynamics by social scientists called demographers.
Census: Comprehensive count of a population, typically conducted nationally and costly.

Importance of Population Study

Population analysis aids in anticipating social trends, determining political boundaries, and evaluating economic impacts.
Key metrics include fertility, mortality, and migration.

Fertility and Mortality

Fertility Rate: Measured by live births per woman of childbearing age, reflecting reproductive behavior.
Mortality Rate: Represents the incidence of death within a population.

Migration Trends

Migration: Movement into and out of regions or countries, influencing demographic changes.
Total Fertility Rate: Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime, crucial for population stability.

Replacement Fertility and Age Structure

Replacement Fertility: Approximately 2.1 children per woman needed to maintain population size.
Age Pyramids: Visual representations of population distribution across age groups for both genders.

Population Dynamics

Population Momentum: Continues to affect population growth despite declining fertility rates.
Epidemiology: The study of health conditions in populations, focusing on causes and effects.

Transitioning Health Conditions

Epidemiological Transition: Shift from infectious to chronic diseases dominating public health concerns.
Baby Boom: A notable increase in birth rates in the U.S. from 1946 to 1964 after WWII.

Cohort: A group born during the same period impacting societal changes.
Megacity: Urban areas with populations exceeding 10 million, such as Mexico City.
Suburb: Residential areas outside city boundaries reflecting post-war development and policies.

Redlining and Urban Development

Redlining: Historical practice of delineating racially mixed neighborhoods for discriminatory purposes.
Suburban Sprawl: Expansion of suburban areas, leading to changes in metropolitan land use.

Social Ties: The connections among individuals contribute to community development.
Social Capital: Resources gained through relationships, enhancing job opportunities and community engagement.

Urban Issues and Policies

Gentrification: Neighborhood transformations through new investments and demographic changes, often displacing original residents.
Urban Renewal: Redevelopment efforts that can lead to the displacement of lower-income residents despite potential benefits.

Economic Dynamics and Labor Market

Division of Labor: Specialization of tasks within an economic system fostering efficiency.
Labor Market: The dynamic between workers and employers, varying by occupation.

Inequality Metrics: Evaluated through income, wealth, and consumption patterns.
Social Mobility: Movement within social strata across generations, influenced by economic opportunities and government policies.

Factors Affecting Population Dynamics

Key determinants for fertility rates include infant mortality rates, economic conditions, healthcare access, and societal values.
First Demographic Transition: Movement from high birth and death rates to low rates over time.
Second Demographic Transition: Increase in non-traditional family structures and relationship patterns.

Economic Influences on Behavior

Behavioral Economics: Studies how psychological factors affect economic decision-making, challenging the model of rationality.
Economic Sociology: Examines the role of social contexts in economic behaviors, emphasizing embeddedness in societal norms.

Organizational Behavior and Isomorphism

Bureaucratization: Can hinder innovation due to rigid routines within organizations.
Isomorphism: The process by which organizations in similar fields align practices, driven by coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures.

Addressing Income Inequality

Rising inequality is linked to technology advances, manufacturing decline, globalization, and changes in government policies.

These points summarize essential concepts and theories vital for understanding sociology and demographic trends, as well as social and economic behaviors.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards for the UCLA SOC 1 final exam. Cover key concepts like hidden curriculum, human capital, and credentialism that are essential for understanding sociology and education. Perfect for quick review before your final!