Types of Receptors and Scans in Biology
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Questions and Answers

Which structure plays a role in transmitting sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

  • Vestibule
  • Ossicles (correct)
  • Cochlear nerve
  • Organ of Corti
  • What structure in the ear plays a role in the transduction of sound waves into electric impulses?

  • Vestibule
  • Organ of Corti (correct)
  • Ossicles
  • Cochlear nerve
  • Which part of the inner ear enhances sensitivity to changes in horizontal movement and vertical acceleration?

  • Saccule
  • Medial geniculate nucleus
  • Otolith (correct)
  • Inferior colliculus
  • The auditory nerve terminates in which part of the brainstem?

    <p>Cochlear nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure sends signals to the brain regarding the body's orientation and movement?

    <p>Vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main sensory organ for hearing?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear helps to amplify sound?

    <p>Auditory canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cochlear nerve?

    <p>Innervates the cochlea for hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear transmits vibrations that are ultimately perceived as sound?

    <p>Ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sound waves interact with hair cells before being converted into electrical signals?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cochlear nerve?

    <p>Serving as a sensory receptor for hearing and transmitting auditory information to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the organ of Corti in the auditory system?

    <p>Serving as the primary structure for transducing sound vibrations into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are primarily responsible for sensing changes in the concentration of ions or molecules?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the vestibular system is responsible for responding to mechanical forces, vibrations, and pressure changes?

    <p>Mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ossicles in the auditory system?

    <p>Transducing sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the ear is the cochlear nerve located?

    <p>Associated with the organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear contains the organ of Corti?

    <p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ossicles in the ear?

    <p>Transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation?

    <p>Vestibular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The auditory canal is primarily involved in which function related to hearing?

    <p>Transmission of sound waves to the eardrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for metabolizing serotonin, and what happens if its action is inhibited?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase; an increase in serotonin availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique captures neural activity?

    <p>PET scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter plays a role in regulating mood and appetite?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of neural impulse, what does an EEG capture?

    <p>Brainwaves data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is associated more with anxiety than aggression?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological theory focuses on the concept of 'impression management'?

    <p>Fundamental Attribution Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is primarily associated with 'difficulties in forming relationships'?

    <p>Latent Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is characterized by dreaming, increased blood flow to the brain, and muscle paralysis?

    <p>REM Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of linguistic elements, which branch of linguistics specifically deals with the 'meaning of words and sentences'?

    <p>Semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of memory involves 'distorted memories viewed as error-free'?

    <p>Reconstructive Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory phenomenon occurs when recently learned information interferes with the recall of older information?

    <p>Retroactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggests that individuals learn criminal or deviant behavior through observing and interacting with others?

    <p>Differential association theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reward schedules, what type of reinforcement rewards individuals after an unpredictable number of responses are performed?

    <p>Variable-ratio reinforcement schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain pathway is dopamine-related and associated with drug addiction?

    <p>Mesolimbic reward pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trial involves randomly assigning groups into treatment and placebo groups to determine intervention efficacy?

    <p>Randomized controlled trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Phi phenomenon?

    <p>An illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is responsible for the production of speech?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Drive-Reduction Theory state about motivation?

    <p>Motivation results from a disruption of homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that individuals become more sensitive to a stimulus following repeated exposures?

    <p>Sensory Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of Impression Management?

    <p>Controlling what others think of us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neural mechanism behind the Phi phenomenon?

    <p>Perceptual maladaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motivational theory relates to persuading someone to do something through forces or threats?

    <p>Coercion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In impression management, what trait refers to being organized and hard-working?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the self-serving bias heuristic?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area plays a key role in self-verification tendencies?

    <p>Parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which theory of emotion do arousal and response happen simultaneously?

    <p>Cannon-Bard Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process refers to becoming a member of a group and learning its moral standards?

    <p>Socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to perform worse on difficult tasks in front of a group of people?

    <p>Social interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that crime and deviance are more likely in communities with weak social ties and control?

    <p>Social disorganization theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the peaceful integration into mainstream society by developing friendships and learning local customs?

    <p>Social Integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary principle behind the Phi phenomenon?

    <p>Bottom-up processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is associated with the idea of 'impression management' in psychology?

    <p>Self-handicapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motivation theories, what does the Iron Law of Oligarchy refer to?

    <p>Tendency of organizations to become dominated by small groups of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing neural impulses?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Bottom-Up processing in perception?

    <p>Moving from individual elements to form a whole perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the belief that people receive consequences in line with their actions?

    <p>Just-World Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Self-handicapping' is most closely related to which psychological concept?

    <p>'Impression Management'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Cognitive Dissonance' refers to the discomfort experienced when:

    <p>'Behavior doesn't align with beliefs or values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Top-Down Processing' involves:

    <p>'Progression from whole to details'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept behind the 'Just-World Hypothesis'?

    <p>Good actions result in positive outcomes while bad deeds lead to negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glucagon primarily act to cause the liver to break down glucose?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits Fatty Acid Synthesis?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unique enzyme is involved in the process of Gluconeogenesis?

    <p>PEP carboxykinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in the context of glucose metabolism?

    <p>Convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is regulated by High ATP and Low ADP levels?

    <p>PFK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits Fatty Acid Synthesis?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is regulated by High ATP and Low ADP levels in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glucagon primarily act to cause the liver to break down glucose?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique enzyme involved in the process of Gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Pyruvate carboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Promotes Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do Pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase uniquely occur in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily regulated by High AMP and High ADP levels in glucose metabolism?

    <p>PFK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Converts Glucose 6-phosphate to Free Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is stimulated by Insulin in response to High ATP and Low ADP levels in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Fatty Acid Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory involves exposing an individual to their fear by placing them in a situation where it is unavoidable?

    <p>Implosive Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of memory retrieval is it easier to recall a memory while in the same mood as when the memory was encoded?

    <p>State-Dependent Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves conquering fear through step-wise exposure?

    <p>Systematic Desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reinforcement schedule rewards individuals after an unpredictable amount of time or responses?

    <p>Variable-Interval Reinforcement Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mesolimbic reward pathway refer to in relation to emotions?

    <p>Related to drug addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnocentrism can be best described as?

    <p>Judging other cultures according to one's own standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deindividuation within a group is characterized by?

    <p>Loss of certain aspects of self-awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural relativism suggests that?

    <p>No culture is superior to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of microcultures?

    <p>Shared experiences and values distinct from the dominant culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assimilation in the context of culture refers to?

    <p>Adopting the culture of a new country over one's native culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological concept involves the attempt to control what others think of us?

    <p>Front stage self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of impression management, what does 'back stage self' represent?

    <p>Back stage self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains motivation as a result of a disruption of homeostasis and physiological needs leading to drives?

    <p>Drive-reduction theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the illusion of movement created by rapid succession visual stimuli?

    <p>Phi Phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of learning, what process involves the organization and interpretation of sensory information by the brain?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of emotion posits that arousal determines the strength of the emotion while appraisal identifies the emotional label?

    <p>Schachter-Singer Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social psychology, what term describes the tendency for people to perform better on tasks when in the presence of others?

    <p>Social facilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to the peaceful integration into mainstream society by adopting local customs and behaviors?

    <p>Social integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of emotion proposes that emotions and physical responses occur simultaneously in response to a stimulus?

    <p>Cannon-Bard Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process by which individuals maintain their social class status from one generation to the next?

    <p>Social reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for treating someone differently based on characteristics like region or race?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linguistic branch deals with the meaning of words and sentences?

    <p>Semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Reproductive Memory refer to?

    <p>Info retrieved from long term memory may not be fully accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the separation of students based on their perceived capability for academic achievement?

    <p>Marginzation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Prospective Memory' is memory for tasks that must be completed in the future, shaped by what?

    <p>Expectations of future events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is characterized by increased resistance to stress and hyper-adrenal function?

    <p>Resistance stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Strain Theory, tension arises when there is a disconnect between goals and:

    <p>Available means to achieve those goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashbulb memories are prone to decay over time despite being initially highly detailed and vivid due to their susceptibility to:

    <p>Memory errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their ability to succeed in a given situation, including dealing with emotions brought on by:

    <p>Any situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Role ambiguity occurs when there is a lack of clarity related to the responsibilities of a role, leading to potential:

    <p>Role overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is more associated with anxiety than aggression?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme acts after Monoamine oxidase in metabolizing serotonin?

    <p>Aldehyde dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme inhibition results in a decrease of serotonin production?

    <p>Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process captures neural activity in the brain?

    <p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Microcultures?

    <p>Homogeneity in beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing stimuli related to emotion?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of learning, which theory suggests that individuals learn by observing and interacting with others?

    <p>'Social Learning' theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Deindividuation' within a group is characterized by what?

    <p>'Lost' sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Impression Management' relates to what concept in psychology?

    <p>'Self-verification'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Assimilation' in the context of culture refers to what?

    <p>'Adapting' new ideas into existing beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region in the infrared spectrum corresponds to the Alkyne C-H stretch?

    <p>2850-3100 cm-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction involves the removal of carboxyl groups and the release of CO2?

    <p>Decarboxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Lewis acids and bases, which category does a molecule that accepts an electron pair fall into?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the addition of water to break bonds?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic best describes substances with low ionization energy?

    <p>High reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geometric shape is associated with the VSEPR theory if a molecule has 5 electron pairs around the central atom?

    <p>Trigonal bipyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Reduction' in chemical terms refers to the addition of which of the following?

    <p>Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction is characterized by an increase in temperature and equilibrium constant?

    <p>Endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Endothermic' reactions are characterized by which of the following?

    <p>'Heat' as a reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Arrhenius theory, which of the following substances donates hydrogen ions (H+)?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of species accepts hydrogen ions (H+), based on the Brønsted-Lowry theory?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of Ionization Energy (IE), why is the second ionization energy greater in Group 1 elements than in Group 2 elements?

    <p>Higher nuclear charge in Group 1 elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct about VSEPR geometries?

    <p>They describe the arrangement of atoms in a molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering enzyme activity, what does a low Km value indicate?

    <p>High enzyme-substrate affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Geometric Isomers (Cis/Trans) from Optical Isomers (Enantiomers)?

    <p>Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images, while geometric isomers differ by atoms arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of Lewis acids and bases, what distinguishes Uncompetitive inhibition from Noncompetitive inhibition?

    <p>[E] has equal affinity for free E &amp; ES complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell spontaneously undergoes oxidation-reduction reactions to produce electrical energy?

    <p>Galvanic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cathode in an electrochemical cell?

    <p>Anode is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the reduction potential of atoms in a Galvanic cell?

    <p>Higher reduction potential implies easier oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'FAT CAT' relates to the direction of what movement in cells?

    <p>Electron movement in electrochemical cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cell would you observe a non-spontaneous reaction that requires an input of energy?

    <p>Electrolytic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'E cell = E cathode + E anode' is associated with the calculation of what in electrochemistry?

    <p>Cell potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Absorption spectroscopy' is primarily used for measuring what property of substances?

    <p><strong>Absorbance</strong> at various wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about endothermic reactions?

    <p>Decrease in enthalpy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Arrhenius theory, what defines an acid?

    <p>A substance that donates protons (H+ ions)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Lewis acid?

    <p>Accepts an electron pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it comes to ionization energy, which of the following trends is observed across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Increases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between VSEPR geometries and bond angles?

    <p>Bond angles increase with increasing VSEPR geometries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an exothermic reaction, which of the following is true?

    <p>Produce heat during the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an element with high ionization energy?

    <p>It readily loses electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography separates components based on their charge?

    <p>Ion-exchange chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that involves the interconversion between a ketone or aldehyde and an enol?

    <p>Keto-enol tautomerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acid is commonly used to accomplish ester hydrolysis?

    <p>H2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of chromatography does nonpolar compounds elute faster?

    <p>Gas-Liquid Chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of separation involves the relative solubility of pure substances compared to impure substances?

    <p>Crystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromatography technique separates based on components' affinity for nonpolar molecules?

    <p>Normal Phase HPLC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of radiolabeling with S-35?

    <p>To measure concentrations of sulfur-containing amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is most suitable for separating and identifying compounds based on their polarities?

    <p>Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor responds to changes in the concentration of ions or molecules?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell-cell junction helps strengthen connections between adjacent cells by binding to cadherins on other cells?

    <p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scan reveals information about metabolic activity?

    <p>PET scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits Fatty Acid Synthesis?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood calcium regulation is primarily responsible for increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for proofreading the DNA sequence during replication?

    <p>Polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are rod-shaped?

    <p>Bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits Fatty Acid Synthesis?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a virus that has a lipid membrane?

    <p>Nucleic acid and protein capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of blood, what does 'Hematocrit' measure?

    <p>% of red blood cells in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between two DNA fragments?

    <p>Ligases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is characterized by the spreading of a baby's toes and lifting of its big toe when the sole is stimulated?

    <p>Babinski reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of junction prevents paracellular transport between adjacent epithelial cells?

    <p>Tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are specialized immune cells in the skin and mucous membranes?

    <p>Langerhans cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Makes an RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is solely released by the anterior pituitary and is responsible for controlling the production of other hormones in endocrine glands?

    <p>Tropic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of linkage joins carbohydrates to other molecules by forming an O-glycosidic covalent bond between a carbohydrate and a protein?

    <p>Glycosidic Bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Estradiol in the human body?

    <p>Responsible for 2nd sexual characteristics like breast and bone maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol, acts as a steroid hormone, and does not involve a second messenger in its signaling pathway?

    <p>Steroid Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) primarily cause within the collecting ducts of the kidney?

    <p>Creating urine that is low in volume but highly concentrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Preventing gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hormone that primarily regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the body?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In carbohydrate metabolism, which enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream?

    <p>Phosphorylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of hormone based on its chemical structure?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage is formed between carbohydrate monomers in glycogen and starch molecules?

    <p>Alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the movement of phospholipids from the outer to inner leaflet of the cell membrane?

    <p>Fliptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sulfolipids in plants?

    <p>Play a role in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are responsible for detecting stimuli coming from internal organs and blood vessels?

    <p>Interceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diffusion involves the energetically favorable movement of molecules within a single leaflet of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

    <p>Lateral diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Floppases and Fliptases in terms of phospholipid movement?

    <p>Floppases move phospholipids from outer to inner leaflet, while Fliptases move them from inner to outer leaflet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Catalyzing the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone acts after Monoamine oxidase in metabolizing serotonin?

    <p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell spontaneously undergoes oxidation-reduction reactions to produce electrical energy?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mesolimbic reward pathway refer to in relation to emotions?

    <p>It is involved in the processing of rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process refers to becoming a member of a group and learning its moral standards?

    <p>Socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for treating someone differently based on characteristics like region or race?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'E cell = E cathode + E anode' is associated with the calculation of what in electrochemistry?

    <p>Standard electrode potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of Lewis acids and bases, what distinguishes Uncompetitive inhibition from Noncompetitive inhibition?

    <p>'Noncompetitive' binds at a site other than the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Reduction' in chemical terms refers to the addition of which of the following?

    <p>Electrons or Hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Reduction' in chemical terms refers to the addition of which of the following?

    <p>Electrons or Hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Auditory System

    • Sound waves travel from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner ear via the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes).
    • The cochlea is responsible for transducing sound waves into electrical impulses.
    • The utricle and saccule enhance sensitivity to horizontal movement and vertical acceleration in the vestibular system.
    • The auditory nerve terminates in the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem.
    • The vestibular system sends signals to the brain regarding body orientation and movement.
    • The organ of Corti is the main sensory organ for hearing, located within the cochlea.
    • The outer ear amplifies sound, aiding in its transmission.

    Cochlear Function

    • The cochlear nerve relays auditory information from the cochlea to the brain.
    • Vibrations from sound are transmitted through the ossicles, perceived as sound when reaching the cochlea.
    • Hair cells within the cochlea interact with sound waves, converting them into electrical signals.
    • The organ of Corti contains hair cells essential for sound transduction.

    Vestibular System

    • Mechanoreceptors within the vestibular system detect mechanical forces, vibrations, and pressure changes.
    • The ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) amplify sound vibrations before they enter the cochlea.
    • The inner ear, particularly the semi-circular canals, is crucial for balance and spatial orientation.

    Neurotransmitters and Enzymes

    • Serotonin metabolism is regulated by monoamine oxidase; inhibition can lead to increased serotonin levels.
    • Dopamine is critical in brain pathways related to feelings of pleasure and addiction.
    • Glucagon prompts the liver to break down glucose, while insulin inhibits fatty acid synthesis.
    • Glucose 6-phosphatase plays a pivotal role in glucose metabolism, allowing glucose to be released into the bloodstream.

    Memory and Learning

    • Distorted memories may be perceived as accurate due to various cognitive biases.
    • Proactive interference occurs when newly learned information disrupts the recall of older memories.
    • The Phi phenomenon is the illusion of motion perceived through sequential visual stimuli.

    Theories of Emotion and Cognition

    • The James-Lange theory states that emotions arise from physiological responses.
    • Cognitive Dissonance theory describes discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs or actions.
    • Impression management involves attempts to control how others perceive us, often characterized by behaviors such as 'back stage self.'

    Social Psychology Concepts

    • Deindividuation occurs when individuals in a group lose self-awareness, affecting behavior.
    • Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of one's own culture, leading to bias against others.
    • The Just-World Hypothesis suggests that individuals believe people get what they deserve.

    Developmental and Cognitive Theories

    • Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes stages where relationship difficulties may arise.
    • Bottom-Up processing starts with sensory input and builds up to perception.
    • A drive-reduction theory explains motivation as the desire to alleviate discomfort from unmet needs.

    Reinforcement Schedules

    • Variable-ratio reinforcement involves rewards after an unpredictable number of responses.
    • The Mesolimbic reward pathway is critical for processing rewards and pleasure.

    Cultural Concepts

    • Cultural relativism promotes understanding cultures without bias, contrasting with ethnocentrism.
    • Assimilation involves adopting local customs and behaviors to integrate into mainstream society.

    Psychological Research Methods

    • Randomized controlled trials help determine treatment efficacy by comparing treatment and placebo groups.
    • Mood-congruent memory retrieval facilitates recalling memories when in a similar mood to the encoding situation.

    Miscellaneous Concepts

    • Self-handicapping relates to behaviors that provide excuses for potential failure.
    • The term "prospective memory" pertains to the ability to remember intended actions that need to be performed in the future, influenced by contextual factors.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various types of receptors like photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors, as well as different types of scans such as MRI, CT scans, and PET scans used in biology and medical imaging.

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