MCAT Chem Charts.docx

Functional Groups Lab Tech Organic Chem Reactions IR Spectrum Types of Reaction Amide CON Imines C= N Thiol Grp Contains S COOH Alcohols Anhydride Ester Ether Amide Amine AH Ketone High- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Separates components in a mixture based off their polarity Normal Phase...

Functional Groups Lab Tech Organic Chem Reactions IR Spectrum Types of Reaction Amide CON Imines C= N Thiol Grp Contains S COOH Alcohols Anhydride Ester Ether Amide Amine AH Ketone High- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Separates components in a mixture based off their polarity Normal Phase HPLC Separates based on affinity for nonpolar molecules Nonpolar compounds elute faster Gas- Liquid Chromatography Sep. molecules based on BP Radiolabeling with S-35 Only be used when measuring aa that contains S Met, Cys Gram staining Used to differentiate tow large groups of bacteria based on different cell walls Gram positive- red Gram negative- purple Flow cytometry Single cell are either from lab cell cultures or tissue samples are stained for cell protein markers using specific antibodies Thin- Layer Chromatography (TLC) Used to separate and identify compounds based on their polarities More polar will adhere to the silica gel and less polar will travel further up the silica gel Ion-exchange chromatography Separates based on their charge Anion- exchange chromatography Stationary phase consists of positively charge resin that attracts negatively charge ions in the sample Negative charge molecules spend more time in the column Cation- exchange Positive charge particles will be held on the negative charge stationary phase ( walls of the column), mobile phase carry every thing else Crystallization Separates based on relative solubility of pure substances compared with impure substances Keto- enol tautomerization Interconversion b/w a ketone or AH and an enol (OH bonded to a carbon that forms a double bond) induced by the intramolecular movement of H H2SO4 Used to accomplish ester hydrolysis (needs a strong acid) KMnO4 Oxidizing agent 3 carbon is no reaction Hydrolysis Spontaneous reaction Adding water to break peptide bonds Enamine Formation Nu+ addition of 2nd amine to carbonyl Aldol Condensation Results in s new C-C bond and a, B unsaturated enome Require 2 carbonyl grps Occurs by Nu+ attack of an enolate on a carbonyl, followed by elimination 5 or 6 mem. ring 3300-3500 cm-1 N-H stretch 3300 cm-1 Alkyne C-H stretch 3200-3400 cm-1 O-H stretch 2850-3100 cm-1 C-H stretch <3000 cm-1 Alkyl C-H stretch 2100-2260 cm-1 C triple N C triple C 1650- 1800 cm-1 C=O 500-1000 cm-1 Fingerprint region Terpenes Lipids Multiple isoprene units can combine to make terpenes Terpenes are precursors of steroids Isomerization Change from trans to cis Hydrolysis Refers to the addition of water to break bonds Adding OH grp Dehydration Refers to the removal od water, accompanied by the creation of a bond Decarboxylation Refers to the removal of carboxyl grps and the release of CO2 Reduction Refers to the addition of electrons and corresponding decrease in oxidation number Carboxylation Refers to the addition of CO2 to create a carboxyl grp Random Notes Inhibitors Enzymes Decay Types Chem Equations Rf Lower Rf value correlates with more polar molecule Isothermal Temp is constant Isochoric Volume is constant Adiabatic Heat is constant Crystallization Liquid to solid Heat of Vaporization Liquid to gas Condestion Gas to liquid Sublimation Gas to solid Heat of fusion Solid to liquid Cooperative Have sigmoidal shape LARS Left Add Right Subtract Structure Analog of substrate, which means it has similar structures Kcat Represents the rate of the catalytic reaction of an E and is determined by the number of substrate mole. Turned into product within a certain period When there are fewer H ions the Kcat value will increase, meaning the reaction rate is faster Rate constant K Greater value of K the quicker the rate if reaction Ksp Solubility product constant Is equribilim constant for solid dissolving in a solution Reaction quotient (Q) Measure of the status of reversible reaction equal to the con. Of the products divide by the con of the reactants at any given moment Keq Is a fixed ratio and does not change based on the con od reactants and products Q vs Keq Q= keq: reactions move in direction of equilibrium unless affect by an outside source Q<keq: reactions proceed in a forward direction Leads to inc. in products Q>keq: reactions proceed in the reverse direction Leads to inc. in reactants Alpha decay 4 a 2 Beta- decay 0 B -1 (add one) Beta + decay 0 B +1 (sub. one) Gamma decay 0 y 0 Alpha, Beta & Gamma Particles Alpha and Beta particles are blocked by glass Gamma is blocked by Lead or concrete Energy E=hf Velcity v=fy Percent Yield Actual/ Theoretical * 100% Atomic weight % of each isotope * mass of isotope Gibbs Free Energy Change G= -RTln(Keq) R= Pressure T= Temp - neg. G = + Keq Acid & Base Periodic Trends Periodic Table Endergonic vs. Exergonic Endothermic vs. Exothermic Light Waves Arrhenius Base Produce OH Arrhenius Acid Produce H+ BL Base Accepts H+ BL Acids Donates H+ Lewis Base Donates H+ Lewis Acids Donates H+ IE 2nd IE greater in grp 1 than in group 2 2nd IE always greater than the first one Alki Metals (G1) React with water to form metal hydroxide Protons, Neutrons, Electrons P and N have mass of 1 amu Electrons have mass of 1/2000 amu Endergonic Reaction Gain of free energy G> 0 H>0 S<0 Non- spontaneous- needs to be coupled with an exergonic reaction Exergonic Reaction Loss of free energy G< 0 H<0 S>0 Spontaneous Reaction Products are lower than reactants Endothermic Reaction Inc. Temp, inc. keq Wavelength Dependent on both its source and medium Energy Depends only on the source Frequency Depends only on the source VSEPR GEOMETRIES Enzymes Activity Isomers Km Low Km= high affinity b/w E and S V max Rate of reaction Notes Max reaction rate obtained when E saturated When S exceeds the E= fully saturated E [E]+ [S] to [ES] occurs quickly Uncompetive Unchanged Ratio of Vmax/Km Noncompetive Equal affinity for free E & ES complex Mixed Both E and ES complex with unequal affinity Geometric Isomers (Cis/ Trans) Differ by the orientation of groups around the C-C double bond Identical in molecular formulas Optical Isomers (Enantiomers) Differ in the arrangement of substituted grp around on or more atoms in the mole. Same molecular formula and connectivity but interact diff with plane polarized light Conformational Isomers Differ by rotation around C-C single bond Same molecular formulas and connectivity, diff. in 3D space Electrochemical Cells Half- Life Lens and Mirrors Equilibrium State Galvanic Cell (Voltaic cells) Cells that spontaneously undergo oxidation- reduction reaction to produce electrical energy Formula E cell= E cathode + E anode Anode Which undergoes oxidation (loss of electrons) Anode is negative Cathode Which undergoes reduction (gain of electrons) Cathode is positive Cell potential (E cell) The difference b/w the reduction potential of the cathode and the reduction potential of the anode Current moves from right to left Electrons left to right Electrolytic Cells Electrochemical cell that uses energy source to drive a chemical reaction b/w the electrodes Non- spontaneous reaction and require a input of energy Cathode is negative Anode is positive Randon Note See from Table 1 that copper ions are oxidized by Metal X, but not metal Z This means that Metal Z must have a higher reduction potential than copper and Metal X, so Metal Z have greater potential to reduce Electrons move from the anode to the cathode in all type of cells (FAT CAT) Higher reduction potential will be reduced Current moves from right to left Electrons left to right Definition The time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei Absorption spectroscopy Measure the absorbance of light at various wavelength Transmittance The measure of that degree in which light passes through a substance Negative Focal Length Diverging lens Virtual and reduced image Distance is larger than the focal length State function Equ. State of a system as a relationship b/w various thermodynamic variables Ex: Entropy, Temp, pressure, density, volume, Gibbs, enthalpy Process function The path taken by the system to go from one equ. To another Ex: Work, Heat SN1 & SN2 E1 & E2 SN1 reaction 1st order reaction Not dependent on the contraction of the Nu+ Happens with 2nd and 3rd halide Are racemic mixture 50/50 R & S enantiomers due to the intermediate being planar and having equal chances of being attacked on either side SN2 Reaction Happens with primary halide 2nd order reaction 2 species , the product will be the substrate with the attach Nu+ Halides Halogen LG