MCAT BN Charts.docx

BEHAVIOR SCIENCE Culture Norms Factors that deal with individuals in a Group Emotion Social Multiculturalism Encouragement of multiple cultures within the community to enhance diversity Subculture Group that distinguishes itself from their primary culture in which they belong Dominant Culture Norms...

BEHAVIOR SCIENCE Culture Norms Factors that deal with individuals in a Group Emotion Social Multiculturalism Encouragement of multiple cultures within the community to enhance diversity Subculture Group that distinguishes itself from their primary culture in which they belong Dominant Culture Norms shared by most society Counterculture A rebellious way of think and acting Microcultures Tend too have as much in common with the dominant or microculture while preserving distinct shared experiences and values Culture Stock Negative feeling that a person has when adjusting to a new culture Culture Lag Society takes time to adjust to tech or social changes Ethnocentrism Act of judging another culture by one’s own standards Ex: Judging other countries diets Assimilation When people adopt the culture of their new country, replacing the culture of their native country Cultural Diffusion Involves the spread if culture from one group of people to another Ex: Yoga Cultural Transmission Passing on of info from an older generation to a younger generation Cultural relativism Suggest that there are no right or wrong cultural practices Xenocentrism Desire ti view the world through the lens of another culture rather than one own Collectivist cultures Value mutual support and see indidvuals as mem of grp Situational/ external attributes Individualist cultures Value person goals and independence Dispositional/ internal High culture Attending the opera, collecting art, play polo Popular culture Entertainment and fashion, refers to cultural practices, products and beliefs Cultural universal Elements that are found in all known human societies worldwide such as practices around birth, death, language, family and reproduction Norms Indicate acceptable behaviors Sanctions Reinforce norms Positive Sanction Rewarded for conforming to social norms Negative Sanction Punishment for failing to confirm to social norms Formal sanction Recognized by law Infromal sanction Unofficially recognized and enforced Deindividuation Individuals loses certain aspects of self-awareness within a grp Aggregates Grp of people who freq. exist in the same space but have little interactions Deindividuation Bystander effect Individuals do nothing to help someone in need when others are around Social loafing You pitch in less effort in grp project than individual project Groupthink When you agree for the sake of harmony even though some members secretly disagree Ex: Lisa put her hand down thinking that moving the grp forward more important than getting idea out Group cohesion Refers to the degree to which members of a grp feels connected to one another and identify with the group as a whole Group Polarization grp might select options that are more extreme than individual members of that group Peer Pressure social influences places on indidvuals by others indidvuals that are equal Racialization is the process by which on grp (dominant grp) designates another (a subordinate grp) with racial identity Primary Group those close to you that you bond and interact with Ex: Malik 2nd Group task-oriented, impersonal, temporary, business like relationship James- Lange Theory Stimulus- reaction- emotion Ex: If you run into a snake (Stimulus) your heart rate increase (reaction), increase heart rate cause you to be afraid (emotion) Cannon- Bard Theory Emotion and response happens at the same time Ex: Seeing a snake prompts both the feeling or fear and racing heartbeat Schachter- Singer Theory Arousal determines the strength of the emotion, while appraisal identifies the emotional label Ex: When your heart starts racing and your palms starts to sweat, you need to know why you felt that way Appraisal Theory Emotions are based on personal evaluations Ex: In response to a rude consumer 2 employee may have completely different emotional response, depending o their appraisals Neuroticism One’s tendency towards negative emotions or emotional instability, such as self- consciousness, anger and depression Socialization Process by which one becomes a member of a grp and learning the moral standards of that grp Ex: Learning how to respect adults use manners, stand in line waiting on teacher Social Institution Structures that rules society Ex: Family, education, government Social mobility Movements of individuals groups, families ow within status categories Ex: horizontal- same social class Ex: Vertical- up or down social class Anomie Instability within society that results in the breakdown of social norms and bond b/w individuals and their communities Ex: Individuals resorting to criminal activities during time of war Social Integration Peaceful movement into mainstream society Ex: Developing friendship, learning the local dialect, joining local clubs Agent of Socialization Structure used to used to transmits belief, valves, social norms Social interference Refers to the tendency for people to perform worse on difficult task when in front of a grp of people Class Consciousness Awareness of one’s social status in society Ex: This article doesn’t consider how much harder it is for people in my social class to see doctors False Consciousness Inaccurate assessment of one’s own status Ex: This article is right, my poor health is entirely my fault Social constructionism Social actors define what is real, knowledge about the world based on internation Macro or Micro Social exclusion Occurs when people are marginalized to point of being unable to participated in society Social reproduction Occurs when social class remain unchanged from one generation to the next Educational stratification Produce inequality in educational access Social disorganization theory Crime and deviance will likely occur within communities with weaker social ties and control Social facilitation perform better or worse when others are around Ex: people tend to perform better with habitual task Macrosociological perspective large scale perspective Ex: You're looking at whole civilizations or societies or populations. Social solidarity emphasizes the interdependence between individuals in a society, which allows individuals to feel that they can enhance the lives of others. Stimuli Brain Impression Management Motivation Attitude Just- Noticeable Difference The amount by which a stimulus needs to change for a human to perceive a difference at least 50% of the time Weber’s Law JND b/w 2 stimuli is a function of the magnitude of the org. stimuli Equation: change I/ I = K Ex: A person is more to react to quiet commercial that suddenly doubles in volume that a commercial that only slightly increase in volume Sensitization Individuals becomes more sensitive to a stimulus following repeated exposures Sensory Adaption Occurs when the neural response to an unchanging stimulus dampened the perception of the stimulus either disappears or it is diminished Feature detection Involves feature detector neurons that preferentially fire in response to specific stimuli Transduction Process by which physical stimuli are converted into neural impulses that can be processed by the brain Perception Orgization and interpretation of sensory info by the brain after the stimuli have been converted into neural impulse through transduction Phi Phenomenon Is the illusion movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession Ex: Cartoon flipbook Wernick’s Area Language Comprehension Frontal Lobe Broca’s Area Production of speech Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Responsible for processing auditory info and encoding memory Thalamus Body relay center & is responsible foe processing all sensory input prior to reaching the cortex Inferior colliculus Midbrain Play in auditory process such as sound localization and frequency determination Hindbrain Cerebellum- motor movement regulatory and balance Medulla oblongata- regulates heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure Pons- regulating breathing and sleep- wake cycle Impression Management Tells people their achievements to appear successful Front stage self When we attempt to control what others think of us Ex: the behavior a person performs in front of others Back stage self The behavior a person performs when there is no one watching Dramaturgy Avolition Serve lack of motivation/ inability to complete purposeful task Expectancy- value theory Amount of motivation for a task based on expectation of success and how much of that success Ex: People work harder when they believe the added effort will help the achieve a goal or reward Drive- reduction theory Motivation is result if a disruption of homeostasis, which produces a physiological need, which leads to a drive Ex: We eat when we are hungry to reduce the discomfort that hunger causes Affective component of attitude The way a person feels towards something emotional Aggression Behavior intended to result in physical or mental harm of oneself or others 3 Component of Attitude Affective: feeling about object Ex: I hate candidate X Cognitive: Beliefs about object Ex: I think candidate Y is qualified Behavioral: Behaviors related to Ex: I voted for candidate Y Status/Class Learning Medical Theory’s Disease/ Disorders Types of Study Master Status Social status that can be achieved or ascribed and supersedes all others status Ascribed Status Obtaining one’s status involuntary ( race) Achieved Status Obtaining one’s status through hard work and achievement Structural mobility Change in SE in the whole population Escape learning When an org. learns how to terminate ab ongoing unpleasant stimulus Avoidance learning When org. prevents coming in contact with unpleasant stimulus Differential association theory How individuals learn criminal or deviant behavior through observing and interacting with others Social Learning Theory Individuals can learn a new behavior by observing this in others Proactive interference Occurs when previously learned info interferes with ones ability to recall new info Retroactive Interference Occurs when recently encoded info prevents the recall of older info Context- dependent memory Individuals are better to remember info when they are in same context in which the info was learned Context= environment State- dependent memory Occurs when it is easier to retrieve a memory while in the same mood as when the memory was encoded Recall Retrieval of info from memory Recognition Identification of previously learned info Relearning Re-encoding of info learned but forgotten Encoding Where the memory is registered into LTM Consoliding Where the memory is org within the LTM Retreval Takes place where the memory is recalled or remembered Learning performance distinction Observing and learning a behavior is separate from performing it Implosive theory Involves exposing and individual to their fear by placing them in situation in which it is unavoidable Systemic desensitization Conquering fear by step-wise exposure Medicalization Refers to the study and treatment of human conditions Life course approach Attempts to elucidate how early life experiences contribute to development of disease later in life Life Course theory of aging Suggest that the decline in function for particular organs and organ system is dependent on it earlier peak performance, development factor, environmental influence Mesolimbic reward pathway Dopaminergic pathway related to drug additions PTSD A person who experiences a life threatening accident, natural disaster or abuse Positive Sym Delusion, Hallucination, Disorganized Behavior GAD Frighted of something but are unable to speak about speafic fear Variable- Interval reinforcement schedule that reward individuals after un predicable amount of time Variable Ratio rewards individuals after unpredictable number of response are preformed Fixed- interval being rewarded after set amount of time Fixed- ratio reward people after set number of responses are performed Randomized controlled trial Random grp assign into treatment and placebo grp Can determine the efficacy of the intervention Nonrandomized design Non random into treatment and placebo grp Can determine the efficacy of the intervention Longitudinal Data gathered at multiple time points Can assess risk factors or outcomes Cross- sectional Data gathered from individuals at one point in time Determine the prevalence (freq) of an outcome in pop. Case- control Data gathered from individuals with the condition of interest and compared to individuals without the condition Case study Detail info gathered about one individual or small grp Meta- analysis Data from multiple studies are combined and analyzed Type 1 error False positive Type 2 error False negative Role Conflicts Stress Memory Language Treatment Strain Theory predicts that people experience tension when there is disconnect b/w goals and the available to means for achieving those goals Self- Concepts How ones thinks about themselves Self- efficacy One’s belief in their own competence and ability to succeed in a given situation Ex: One ability to deal with emotion brought on by a situation Self- esteem Judgment of your own anility Role Ambiguity Situation in which there lack of clarity associated with the responsibly of one role General Adaption Syndrome How the body reacts to stress Alarm Stage: dec. resistance to stress Resistance stage: Inc. resistance to stress, hyper-adrenal function Exhaustion stage: dec. resistance to stress ( depression) Trace Decay Theory All memories fade automatically as a function of time Flashbulb memory highly detailed and vivid memories of significant or emotionally charged events. Although these memories are often believed to be accurate and long-lasting, research has shown that they can be prone to memory errors and can decay over time. Reproductive Memory Refers to the fact that info retrieved from long term memory may not be fully accurate Prospective Memory Is memory for task that must be completed in the future Eidetic memory Is the ability to recall an image from memory with high degree of accuracy Episodic Memory Personal experiences Semantic Memory Facts and Knowledge Procedural Memory Motor skills and habits Iconic Sensor memory that store visual info Prospective Memory Shaped by expectations of what was going to happen in the future memories of planning and future events. Reconstructive Memory (False Memories) people view their memory free of error when in reality it is distorted Does with episodic memories Syntax Refers to the rules governing word order in phases and sentences Pragmatics Refers to anything other than the literal meaning of a word that contribes to its meaning Ex: tone of voice, body language Morphology Refers to the rules by which elements of words contribe to their meaning Semantics Branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words and sentences, learning definitions Phoneme Smallest unit of sound in language Morpheme Smallest unit of meaning in a language Sapir& Whorf Theory Focused on how perception and though are shaped by language Nativist Theory Language learning process are hard wired and not dependent on specific environmental input Nativist Hypothesis Language is not learned the way other skills, behaviors are learned but it rather an innate process hardwired in the brain Behaviorist Theory Environmental influences on language acquition Ex: instruction, praise and correction from parents Interactionist Focus on both genetic and environmental influences on language acquisition including input from parents Marginzation Treatment of an individual or grp as insignificant Educational segregation When students in disadvange grps receive a lower quality education that more privileged students Educational Stratification Separation of students based on their real or perceived capable for academic achievement Stereotype threat One will be evaluated based on negative stereotypes Ex: White student who are told Asian perform better on given math test Discrimination Treating someone different that other b/c of a charactertic like region or race Religion Society Bias Traits Sleep Secularization Related to vanishing religion in modernized society Fundamentalism Strict religious valves or beliefs within a society Sect Splits off from the church and is more deviant due to its strict traditional/ orthodox practices Modernization Refers to adoption of tech and industrialization of society Optimism bias In which individuals do not believe that a negative outcome will occur to themselves, despite there being a realistic change Fundamental Abbribution Error Individuals’ tendency to attribute another action to their character Ex: If one cut us off in traffic we assume they are a jerk but they might be in rush to airport Center traits Those that make up our personalities Ex: Kind, loyal, wild Cardinal traits One that dominates your entire personality Ex: Greed 2nd traits Related to attitudes/ preferences and typically appear under certain circumstances Ex: waiting in line REM Sleep Dreaming occurs Blood flow to the brain increase Breathing is more irregular Metabolic rate increase Muscle Paralysis Penille erection NREM Sleep Wakefulness to sleep occur Pulse become slow and regular 75% of the sleep cycle Synchronized Sleep Sleep Stages (BAT- D) Awake Beta & Alpha Stage 1: EEG shows low brain wave activity Theta Stage 2: EEG inc., K complexes, spindle fibers Theta Stage 3&4: Parasomnias/ declarative Memory Delta REM Beta Sigmund Freud (Fixation) Erikson’s Stages of Development Piaget 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Oral stage Dependency and issue concerned with mouth 0-18 months Anal Stage Characterized by toilet training, can result in issue with orderliness/ messiness Toddlers and preschool age begin to experiment with urine and feces 1-3 years old Phallic stage Associated with vanity and sexual anxiety Preschool age take pleasure in their genitals Begin to struggle with sexual desires toward the opposite sex parent 3-6 years old Latent stage Immaturity and difficulty forming relationship Sexual instincts subside and children begin to further develop the conscience 6 to puberty Trust vs. Mistrust Birth- 18 months Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 18 months- 3 years Initiative vs. Guilt 3 to 5 years Industry vs. Inferiority 5 to 12 years Identity vs. Confusion 12 to 18 years Intimacy vs. Isolation 18 to 40 year Generativity vs. Stagnation 40 to 65 years Integrity vs. Despair Over 65 years Sensorimotor Object Permanence 0-2 years Preoperational Symbolic Thinking Egocentrism viewing the world only from their own perspective 2-7 years old Concrete Operational Time, Space, Quantity 7-11 years Formal Operational Abstract Logic and reasoning Planning 11 and up Prepetion Behavior Persuading Five Factor Model Top- down process Progression from the whole to details Ex: Whole word to letter Bottom- up processing Individual element to the whole Just- World Hypothesis People who do good things, get good things, people who does bad things, get bad things Victim blaming What were you wearing Self- handicapping When we create obstacles and excuses foe why we fail at or cant do something Cognitive dissonance the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs Life course perspective on health behavior How early life events and developments affect later health outcomes Iron- Law of oligarchy Tendency of org to become inc. dominated by small group of people Motion parallax is a form of depth perception cue and is not relevant to balancing on one foot. Sensory interaction is the idea that one sensory modality (e.g., vision) may influence another (e.g., balance). Vestibular sense is required for balance but does not explain why balancing is aided by keeping eyes open. Perceptual maladaptation, which occurs when perceptual systems are not functioning optimally, cannot explain why sense of balance would be enhanced when someone has their eyes open. Coercion Persuading someone to do something by using forces or threats Elaboration likelihood Changes of attitude Ex: if we're persuaded to buy a cosmetic product because the spokesperson is attractive, not because of the information the spokesperson provides,  Openness being open-minded and willing to try new things Conscientiousness being organized and hard-working Extraversion being outgoing and affectionate Agreeableness being kind, desiring to please others Neuroticism being nervous, worried, and emotionally unstable Self Types of Scans Behavior Health Hormones Self-fulfilling prophecy an expectation or belief that can influence your behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true Deals with worrying Self- verification Refers to the tendency to seek out info that is consistent with ones self- concept Self- serving bias the heuristic of seeing one's self with an overly positive view in order to enhance or maintain self-confidence and esteem. Ex: Athletes win a game and attribute their win to hard work and practice Self-determination focus on the innate need for psychological growth Negative correlation PET scan Measure neural activity EEG Captures brainwaves data MRI Captures anatomy CT scan Captures anatomy GABA Plays a role in mood More associated with anxiety and not aggression Serotonin Regulate mood and appetite Does with aggression Aldehyde dehydrogenase acts after monoamine oxidase, which is the first enzyme that metabolizes serotonin. Monoamine oxidase is the first enzyme that metabolizes serotonin, thus if the action of this enzyme is inhibited, the availability of serotonin will increase. Inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid carboxylase would result in a decrease, not an increase, of serotonin. Inhibition of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase results in a decrease in serotonin production and thus will exacerbate, rather than relieve, depression.