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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of fixators in muscular actions?
What is the primary role of fixators in muscular actions?
Which of the following describes the term 'fusiform' in muscle shape?
Which of the following describes the term 'fusiform' in muscle shape?
Which muscle group primarily helps to keep the back straight and the body erect?
Which muscle group primarily helps to keep the back straight and the body erect?
What is NOT a description used to name muscles?
What is NOT a description used to name muscles?
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What condition is characterized by chronic pain and stiffness of the muscles?
What condition is characterized by chronic pain and stiffness of the muscles?
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Which of the following structures reduces friction between a tendon and bone?
Which of the following structures reduces friction between a tendon and bone?
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Which muscle in the erector spinae extends the vertebral column and also bends it to one side?
Which muscle in the erector spinae extends the vertebral column and also bends it to one side?
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What is the term for the involuntary contraction of a muscle?
What is the term for the involuntary contraction of a muscle?
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What is the primary function of the Splenius Capitis muscle?
What is the primary function of the Splenius Capitis muscle?
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Which division of the Respiratory System includes the Larynx?
Which division of the Respiratory System includes the Larynx?
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What is the process of External Respiration primarily concerned with?
What is the process of External Respiration primarily concerned with?
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What role do the conchae in the nasal cavity primarily serve?
What role do the conchae in the nasal cavity primarily serve?
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How does the Respiratory System assist in regulating blood pH?
How does the Respiratory System assist in regulating blood pH?
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What is the main purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the main purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
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What occurs during the diffusion of gases in the respiratory system?
What occurs during the diffusion of gases in the respiratory system?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the ribs and sternum during forced inspiration?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the ribs and sternum during forced inspiration?
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What is the role of the molars in the human mouth?
What is the role of the molars in the human mouth?
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What is the correct order of the phases of swallowing?
What is the correct order of the phases of swallowing?
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What is the primary function of the rugae in the stomach?
What is the primary function of the rugae in the stomach?
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Which type of cell in the gastric pits is responsible for producing hydrochloric acid?
Which type of cell in the gastric pits is responsible for producing hydrochloric acid?
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What part of the small intestine is primarily responsible for connecting to the pyloric sphincter?
What part of the small intestine is primarily responsible for connecting to the pyloric sphincter?
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Which muscular layer is located on the outermost part of the stomach?
Which muscular layer is located on the outermost part of the stomach?
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What is the approximate total length of the small intestine?
What is the approximate total length of the small intestine?
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Which structure connects the mouth to the esophagus?
Which structure connects the mouth to the esophagus?
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What is the primary function of the semispinalis capitis muscle?
What is the primary function of the semispinalis capitis muscle?
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Which muscle primarily functions to depress the hyoid bone?
Which muscle primarily functions to depress the hyoid bone?
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What is a function of the deep muscles of the neck?
What is a function of the deep muscles of the neck?
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Which muscle acts as the prime mover for lateral movement of the head?
Which muscle acts as the prime mover for lateral movement of the head?
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What action do the scalenes perform?
What action do the scalenes perform?
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What distinguishes the infrahyoid muscles from the suprahyoid muscles?
What distinguishes the infrahyoid muscles from the suprahyoid muscles?
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The trapezius muscle can extend the head when it acts in which manner?
The trapezius muscle can extend the head when it acts in which manner?
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Which muscle is responsible for both extending the vertebral column and rotating it to the opposite side?
Which muscle is responsible for both extending the vertebral column and rotating it to the opposite side?
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What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?
What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for secreting alkaline mucus?
Which gland is primarily responsible for secreting alkaline mucus?
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What is a function of the liver?
What is a function of the liver?
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How long is the large intestine approximately?
How long is the large intestine approximately?
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Which part of the large intestine connects to the terminal ileum?
Which part of the large intestine connects to the terminal ileum?
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What is the main role of the accessory organs in digestion?
What is the main role of the accessory organs in digestion?
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Which organ primarily functions in both exocrine and endocrine systems?
Which organ primarily functions in both exocrine and endocrine systems?
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What is the primary purpose of the rectum?
What is the primary purpose of the rectum?
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Study Notes
Types of Muscular Actions
- Prime Movers: Muscles that initiate movement, responsible for the primary action.
- Antagonists: Muscles that oppose the movement of prime movers, providing control and opposing the primary action.
- Fixators: Muscles that stabilize joints, preventing unwanted movement during the action of other muscles.
- Synergists: Muscles that assist prime movers, enhancing their action or adding to the overall movement.
Naming Muscles
- Form/Shape: Examples include deltoid (triangular) and trapezius (trapezoid).
- Location: Examples include brachialis (arm) and tibialis (tibia).
- Attachments: Examples include sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle to mastoid) and brachioradialis (humerus to radius).
- Action: Examples include flexor (flexes a joint) and extensor (extends a joint).
- Position: Examples include supraspinatus (above spine of scapula) and infraspinatus (below spine of scapula).
- Direction of Fibers: Examples include rectus (straight) and oblique (angled).
- Length: Examples include longus (long) and brevis (short).
- Number of Heads: Examples include biceps (two heads) and triceps (three heads).
Common Muscular System Disorders
- Fibromyalgia: Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, accompanied by fatigue, sleep disorders, and other symptoms.
- Ataxia: Lack of muscle coordination, characterized by unsteady gait and difficulty with fine motor movements.
- Paralysis: Loss of muscle function, ranging from weakness to complete inability to move.
- Spasm/Cramp: Involuntary muscle contraction, often painful and temporary.
- Sprain: Injury to a ligament, usually caused by stretching or tearing the ligament.
- Strain: Injury to a muscle or tendon, typically due to overuse or sudden forceful movement.
- Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive strain or overuse.
- Myasthenia Gravis: Autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness, especially in the face and limbs.
- Muscular Dystrophy: Group of inherited disorders that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers.
- Hernia: Protrusion of an organ through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle wall.
- Myositis: Inflammation of muscle tissue, often caused by infection or autoimmune disorders.
- Atrophy: Muscle wasting, a decrease in muscle size due to inactivity or disease.
- Hypertrophy: Muscle enlargement, an increase in muscle size due to exercise or other factors.
- Snoring: Vibration of the uvula during sleep, often caused by obstruction of the airway.
- Tetanus: Muscle stiffness caused by bacterial infection, resulting in spasms and paralysis.
- Polio: Viral infection affecting the nervous system, which can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis.
- Plantar Fasciitis: Inflammation of the thick band of tissue on the bottom of the foot, often causing heel pain.
Muscles of the Vertebral Column and Back
- Erector Spinae Group: Key muscle group responsible for back extension and erect posture, composed of three columns: Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis.
- Deep Back Muscles: Located between vertebral processes, responsible for extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column.
Muscles of the Neck
- Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Prime mover of the lateral neck muscles, responsible for head flexion and lateral rotation.
- Trapezius: Elevates and rotates the scapula, extends the head bilaterally, and rotates the head and face to the opposite side unilaterally.
- Deep Neck Muscles: Include infrahyoid muscles (depressing the hyoid bone and larynx) and suprahyoid muscles (elevating the hyoid bone).
- Lateral Neck Muscles: Include platysma, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, and scalenes (responsible for neck flexion, rotation, and breathing assistance).
Respiratory System Overview
- Ventilation/Breathing: Movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, including inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration).
- External Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and air in the lungs (oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release).
- Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body cells (oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal).
Divisions of the Respiratory System
- Upper Respiratory Tract: Includes the external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.
- Lower Respiratory Tract: Includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
3 Phases of Respiration
- Pulmonary Ventilation: Air exchange between the atmosphere and lungs.
- Diffusion of Gases: Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood, carbon dioxide moves from blood to alveoli.
- Transport of Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide: Blood carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Regulating blood pH
- Facilitating voice production
- Detecting odors (olfaction)
- Providing innate immunity
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Nose: External structure composed of cartilage and bone, lined with mucous membrane for filtration and warming of air.
- Nasal Cavity: Internally lined with mucous membrane and contains conchae for air churning, leading to the pharynx via the choanae.
- Paranasal Sinuses: Hollow cavities around the nasal cavity, contributing to resonance and mucus production.
Pharynx and Esophagus
- Pharynx: Connects the mouth to the esophagus, serving as a passageway for air and food, divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- Esophagus: Muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach, responsible for peristaltic transport of food.
Deglutition (Swallowing)
- Voluntary Phase: Bolus formation and movement toward the pharynx.
- Pharyngeal Phase: Reflex initiated by bolus stimulation, involving closure of the nasopharynx and elevation of the pharynx.
- Esophageal Phase: Peristaltic waves move the bolus from the pharynx to the stomach.
Stomach
- Anatomy: Enlarged digestive segment with regions including the gastroesophageal opening, cardiac region, fundus, body, and pyloric opening.
- Muscular Layers: Three layers (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) facilitate churning of food.
- Features: Rugae (folds for expansion), gastric pits (openings for glands).
- Cell Types: Surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, endocrine cells, and chief cells, each with specific secretory roles.
Small Intestine
- Major site for digestion and absorption.
- Parts: Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
- Surface Modifications: Folds, villi, and microvilli increase surface area for absorption.
- Ileocecal Junction: Ileocecal valve controls passage to the large intestine.
Large Intestine
- Functions in water absorption and waste preparation for elimination.
- Parts: Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.
Rectum & Anal Canal
- Rectum: Stores fecal matter before elimination.
- Anal Canal: Transmits feces to the outside, ending at the anus.
Accessory Organs of the Digestive System
- Salivary Glands: Produce saliva for lubrication and initial digestion (parotid, submandibular, sublingual).
- Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones, delivering them to the duodenum.
- Spleen: Filters blood, recycles red blood cells, and participates in immune responses.
- Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile from the liver, assisting in fat digestion.
Digestive Process
- Mouth: Mechanical and initial enzymatic digestion of food.
- Stomach: Mechanical churning and enzymatic breakdown of food.
- Small Intestine: Major enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients.
- Large Intestine: Water absorption and waste preparation for elimination.
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Description
This quiz explores the various types of muscular actions, including prime movers, antagonists, fixators, and synergists. Additionally, it covers the criteria for naming muscles based on their form, location, attachments, action, position, and direction of fibers. Test your knowledge on muscular functions and terminologies!
