Tylor's Definition of Culture

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Questions and Answers

Considering Tylor's definition of culture, which of the following represents the most complex interplay between acquired habits and societal membership?

  • The aesthetic appreciation of Paleolithic cave paintings, emphasizing the inherent human capacity for artistic expression divorced from functional societal roles.
  • The evolution of a legal system that incorporates both customary law and codified statutes, reflecting changing social norms while maintaining structural stability. (correct)
  • The transmission of basic survival skills, such as hunting techniques, ensuring the physical continuation of the group without necessitating complex social interaction.
  • The replication of neolithic tools, demonstrating consistent functionality across generations, irrespective of ideological shifts within the community.

Assuming a neo-Tylorian perspective, how would you analyze the impact of digital algorithms on contemporary social structures?

  • Algorithms are merely tools that reinforce existing social hierarchies, reflecting pre-existing cultural biases without fundamentally transforming societal dynamics.
  • Algorithms represent a purely technological advancement, devoid of cultural significance, as they operate independently of human belief systems and moral codes.
  • Algorithms function as a modern form of 'social habit,' shaping behaviors and beliefs through feedback loops, thereby redefining norms and customs within digital societies. (correct)
  • Algorithms primarily influence material culture, impacting economic systems and technological advancements but exerting minimal force on intangible cultural elements.

In what way does the anthropological assessment of 'material culture' fundamentally challenge purely economic interpretations of artifact valuation?

  • By prioritizing the inherent exchange value of objects in global markets, thereby reducing cultural significance to mere commodity status.
  • By emphasizing the technological processes involved in manufacturing artifacts, thus overshadowing cultural narratives and social implications.
  • By deconstructing the symbolic meanings and social contexts embedded within objects, thus revealing the culturally contingent nature of ascribed value. (correct)
  • By quantifying the functional properties of physical objects thus creating universal metrics for assessing utility across cultures.

Envision a society where technological advancements have led to the creation of sentient AI entities. How might Tylor's definition of culture need to be adapted to incorporate these entities?

<p>The definition should expand to include knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs and habits acquired by both human and sentient non-human members of society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a previously isolated tribe is suddenly integrated into a globalized society, which Tylorian aspect of their culture is MOST likely to undergo immediate and substantial transformation?

<p>Their tangible material culture, as access to new technologies and goods disrupts traditional production and consumption patterns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the framework of contemporary political philosophy, how does the concept of 'national identity' intersect with theories of cosmopolitanism and global citizenship, particularly when considering the potential erosion of state sovereignty due to transnational governance structures?

<p>National identity is a fluid construct, subject to renegotiation in light of supranational affiliations and ethical obligations that transcend geopolitical boundaries, thereby necessitating a re-evaluation of traditional notions of sovereignty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the complexities of ethnolinguistic diversity within a nation-state, what are the potential ramifications of implementing a standardized national curriculum that inadvertently marginalizes indigenous knowledge systems and cultural practices?

<p>This strategy poses a threat to cultural heritage, potentially precipitating social unrest by devaluing unique indigenous epistemologies and undermining local cultural resilience and intergenerational knowledge transfer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluate the implications of employing Western-derived models of political identity and governance in post-colonial societies with distinct pre-colonial social structures and belief systems.

<p>Such applications often result in neocolonial dependence, exacerbating internal divisions and potentially leading to the erosion of indigenous political authority and cultural integrity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of globalization and increasing cultural hybridity, how can nation-states effectively balance the preservation of national traditions and cultural heritage with the imperative to foster inclusivity and accommodate diverse ethnic and cultural identities within their borders?

<p>Nation-states must enact policies that ensure cultural preservation while cultivating intercultural dialogue, mutual respect, and the equitable integration of diverse communities into the sociopolitical fabric. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the ways in which the intersection of socioeconomic status and ethnicity influences access to social capital and opportunities for upward mobility within stratified societies, particularly in contexts marked by historical patterns of discrimination and inequality.

<p>The interplay is multifaceted, creating cumulative disadvantages for marginalized ethnic groups and reinforcing cycles of poverty and limited social prospects, irrespective of individual merit or effort. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Critically assess the role of symbolic ethnicity in shaping individual and collective identities within diasporic communities, considering its potential to both foster solidarity and perpetuate essentialist notions of cultural heritage.

<p>Symbolic ethnicity serves as a nexus uniting diasporic communities by enabling individuals to selectively embrace cultural symbols, promoting cohesion yet potentially reinforcing simplified and static perceptions of their heritage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do competing narratives of national history and collective memory influence contemporary political discourse and social cohesion, particularly in societies grappling with legacies of colonialism, conflict, or systemic injustice?

<p>Competing narratives often foment social division, perpetuating historical grievances and hindering the development of a shared national identity grounded in mutual understanding and restorative justice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evolving LGBTQIA+ discourse, which statement most accurately encapsulates the relationship between biological sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation?

<p>Gender identity is an intrinsic self-conception, independent of biological sex, and sexual orientation reflects patterns of attraction, both contributing to the SOGIE framework. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the complexities of gender identity, what delineates the critical distinction between transgender and transexual individuals within contemporary sociopolitical and medical contexts?

<p><em>Transexual</em> individuals experience a profound discordance between their internal gender and assigned sex, often seeking medical interventions, while <em>transgender</em> encompasses a broader spectrum of gender non-conformity without necessarily pursuing surgery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the evolving understanding of sexual orientation beyond traditional binary constructs, what is the most accurate depiction of how 'SOGIE' principles inform inclusivity within LGBTQIA+ advocacy?

<p>SOGIE acknowledges the multi-faceted nature of identity, advocating for comprehensive anti-discrimination laws predicated on self-identified orientation, identity, and its manifestation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key element is absolutely required for the recognition and validation of diverse gender identities, especially concerning individuals who identify outside the traditional gender binary?

<p>Self-identification and communal affirmation within supportive networks, allowing individuals to articulate their identities without external pathologization or coercion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which underlying dynamic most accurately explicates the formation and perpetuation of LGBTQIA+ communities, particularly concerning individuals navigating marginalization or societal disapproval?

<p>The creation of safe spaces where individuals can authentically express their identities, resist societal stigma, and collectively advocate for systemic change and acceptance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the complexities inherent in defining sexual orientation, which factor represents the most critical determinant in distinguishing it from gender identity?

<p>Sexual orientation reflects patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction, whereas gender identity is an internal sense of self, irrespective of attraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do the intersections of gender identity, sexual orientation, and expression influence an individual's experience within the workplace, particularly concerning diversity and inclusion initiatives?

<p>Intersectionality within the workplace mandates recognition of the unique challenges faced by individuals whose gender identity, sexual orientation, and expression may subject them to compounded discrimination and marginalization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying theoretical implication of using the term 'SOGIE' within legislative frameworks designed to protect LGBTQIA+ rights?

<p>It reinforces the notion that all persons, irrespective of their sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression, are inherently entitled to equal rights and protections under the law. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate reason as to why discourses on the intersection of gender, sexual orientation, and identity are critical to advancing comprehensive healthcare policies?

<p>They underscore differential healthcare needs and disparities affecting LGBTQIA+ populations, thereby facilitating tailored interventions and more equitable resource allocation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the framework of contemporary British socio-economic stratification, which latent variable most accurately differentiates the 'elite' class from the 'established middle class,' assuming equivalent levels of reported income?

<p>Differential access to intergenerational wealth transfer mechanisms, controlling for educational attainment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the Iglesia ni Cristo's practice of block voting, what game-theoretic model best elucidates the strategic interaction between the church's central administration and individual members regarding political endorsements, assuming members exhibit varying degrees of ideological alignment with endorsed candidates?

<p>A non-cooperative Bayesian game with incomplete information, where members' voting decisions are influenced by perceived social pressure and potential repercussions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the theoretical frameworks of queer theory and intersectionality, how would one critically analyze the socio-political implications of an individual identifying as a polysexual, considering the interplay of gender fluidity, performativity, and the hegemonic structures that dictate normative sexualities and gender expressions?

<p>By critically examining the ways in which the individual's polysexuality both challenges and reinforces existing power structures related to gender and sexuality, while also interrogating the limitations of identity-based politics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the intricacies of gender expression, how would a Foucauldian analysis deconstruct the societal mechanisms that govern and normalize particular presentations of self, especially in the context of individuals whose gender identity does not align with their biological sex?

<p>By examining the historical and discursive practices through which power operates to create and regulate gendered subjects, thereby scrutinizing the norms and expectations that shape gender expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of rapidly evolving geopolitical landscapes, how might the interplay between religious identity and political affiliation, as exemplified by the Iglesia ni Cristo's block voting, impact the resilience of democratic institutions when confronted with sophisticated disinformation campaigns targeting specific religious communities?

<p>By creating echo chambers where susceptibility to misinformation is amplified due to pre-existing social cohesion and trust in religious authority, undermining democratic resilience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of socioeconomic stratification, what are the potential ramifications of cultural capital, as conceptualized by Bourdieu, on an individual's capacity to transcend the limitations imposed by their ascribed social class, particularly when considering access to elite social networks and privileged educational institutions?

<p>Cultural capital can provide individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds with the symbolic resources and social skills necessary to navigate and succeed in privileged environments, but its effectiveness is contingent on the intersectionality of other social identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the limitations of GDP as a singular metric of societal well-being, which alternative composite index would most comprehensively capture the holistic impact of income, assets, and cultural interests on individual quality of life, while accounting for externalities such as environmental degradation and social inequality?

<p>The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), adjusted for subjective well-being metrics derived from large-scale longitudinal surveys. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might Gramsci's concept of hegemony elucidate the ways in which dominant ideologies surrounding socioeconomic class are perpetuated and internalized by individuals, even when those ideologies directly contradict their material interests, thereby hindering collective action and social change?

<p>Hegemony functions by subtly shaping individuals' beliefs, values, and perceptions of reality, leading them to consent to their own subordination and accept the status quo as natural or inevitable, thereby undermining their capacity for critical consciousness and collective resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'cultural capital,' as defined by Bourdieu, mediate the relationship between an individual's stated 'cultural interests' and their upward mobility within the traditional British class structure, controlling for income and asset ownership?

<p>By conferring social legitimacy and access to exclusive networks, enabling individuals to leverage their cultural knowledge for professional advancement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the assertion that 'The damaged biology of a population has become the grounds for social membership and the basis for taking citizenship claims,' how would one critically assess the bio-political implications of using biological markers or health status as criteria for social inclusion or exclusion, particularly in the context of resource allocation and access to healthcare?

<p>Options A and B. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming a society transitions from a traditional class system (upper, middle, working) to a neo-class system (elite, established middle class, etc.), what second-order effects are most likely to manifest with respect to intergenerational social mobility, considering the influence of assortative mating and differential access to elite educational institutions?

<p>A bifurcation of intergenerational mobility pathways wherein elite reproduction remains high while mobility within lower strata increases due to policy interventions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the varying degrees of state intervention across communist, democratic, and socialist political ideologies, how does the perceived legitimacy and efficacy of wealth redistribution mechanisms influence social cohesion within each system, considering the potential for moral hazard and rent-seeking behaviors?

<p>The relationship is contingent on the design and implementation of redistribution policies, with poorly designed policies leading to decreased social cohesion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the experience of poverty of Filipino-Singaporeans differ, considering the interplay of global capitalism, postcolonial power dynamics, and the unique cultural contexts of the Philippines and Singapore?

<p>Examine the impact of differing welfare systems, labor markets, and social support networks in the Philippines and Singapore, as well as how historical legacies of colonialism and globalization shape the lived realities of poverty for Filipino-Singaporeans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyzing the concept of 'political vehicles,' how would critical race theory inform an understanding of the strategic deployment of racial and ethnic identities by marginalized communities to challenge systemic oppression and advocate for social justice, while also acknowledging the potential pitfalls of essentialism and co-optation?

<p>Explore the ways in which marginalized communities strategically mobilize their racial and ethnic identities to demand recognition, challenge discriminatory practices, and advocate for policy changes, while also remaining vigilant about the risks of reinforcing essentialist notions of identity and being co-opted by dominant interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Supposing a 'black swan' event precipitates a global economic crisis, disproportionately impacting asset values and income streams of the 'middle class,' what policy interventions, predicated on behavioral economics principles, would be most effective in mitigating psychological distress and preventing a systemic collapse of consumer confidence?

<p>Implementing a universal basic income (UBI), framed as a 'social safety net,' to provide a predictable minimum income floor and reduce anxiety about future economic prospects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the framework of intersectionality, analyze how the convergence of gender identity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic class impacts an individual's access to political power and ability to influence policy decisions.

<p>Examine how interlocking systems of oppression based on gender, sexuality, and class can create unique barriers to political participation and representation for individuals with marginalized identities, limiting their ability to shape policy outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine leaders of the Iglesia ni Cristo, motivated by long-term strategic considerations, determine that the practice of mandated 'block voting' undermines member autonomy and fosters resentment, leading to attrition. Which alternative mobilization strategies could leverage the church's existing social capital to exert political influence while mitigating these adverse effects?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering Judith Butler's concept of performativity, how do repeated acts of gender expression, even those seemingly subversive, contribute to the ongoing (re)constitution of gender norms and the illusion of an internal, stable gender identity?

<p>Performativity can be understood as the process by which gender is continuously enacted and reiterated through social interactions, leading to the solidification of gender norms and the illusion of an inherent gender identity, even when individuals consciously attempt to challenge those norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the potential for income inequality to exacerbate social divisions, what policy mechanisms could most effectively foster a sense of shared identity and collective purpose across diverse socio-economic strata, mitigating the risk of societal fragmentation and political instability?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In light of postcolonial theory, how does the perception of poverty among Filipino-Singaporeans reflect the enduring legacies of colonial power dynamics and the imposition of Western-centric development models, which may not adequately capture the complexities of local cultural and economic realities?

<p>Postcolonial theory suggests that perceptions of poverty are shaped by the historical and ongoing influence of colonialism, leading to the imposition of Western-centric development models that may not accurately reflect the lived experiences and cultural contexts of Filipino-Singaporeans, thereby perpetuating inequalities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nationality

Identity tied to being part of a nation or country; sharing history, tradition, and language.

Nationality

Inhabiting a territory with political borders and a government.

Nationality Acquisition

Acquired by birth in a country or through legal processes like naturalization.

Ethnicity

Smaller cultural groups within a nation sharing specific social environments and histories.

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Philippine Ethnic Diversity

The Philippines has a diverse range of indigenous groups with unique cultural identities.

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Social Differences

Human populations experience social differences, including categories on gender.

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Socioeconomic class

Human populations experience social differences, including categories on socioeconomic class.

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Heterosexual

Attraction to the opposite sex.

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Homosexual

Attraction to the same sex.

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Gay

Male attracted to another male.

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Lesbian

Female attracted to another female.

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Transgender

Gender does not match biological sex.

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Transexual

Seeks medical reassignment.

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Sex

Biological identity (male or female).

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Sexual Orientation

Attraction to a gender.

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Gender Identity

Internal sense of being.

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Bisexual

Attracted to both sexes.

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Asexual

Incapable of being attracted to any sex.

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Polysexual Orientation

Attracted to multiple types of gender.

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Gender Expression

How one presents gender to society (pronouns, clothing, behavior).

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Political Culture

Attitudes and practices related to political systems and actors.

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Perception of Poverty/Wealth

Varies by society; ideas about poor vs. rich based on collective experience.

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Social Class Impact

Experience life differently (transportation, food).

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Identity Politics

Sectors in society use identities as political vehicles to negotiate and lobby their needs.

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Culture (Tylor's definition)

The complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

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Material Culture

That which is created by humans and used; physical objects or artifacts.

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Examples of Material Culture

Concrete, tangible items humans create and use.

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Main Idea of Anthropology

Humans must be understood within their social context.

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Society

A number of individuals interacting based on common traits and social settings.

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Upper Class

In Great Britain, this class is at the top of the hierarchy.

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Middle Class

In Great Britain, this class falls between the upper and working classes.

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Working Class

In Great Britain, this class traditionally consists of manual laborers and those in skilled trades.

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Elite Class

A modern class system in Great Britain, situated at the top.

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Political Identity Through Religion

Religious beliefs providing a sense of shared identity and purpose.

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Block Voting

The practice of voting as a unified bloc according to church leaders' endorsements.

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Unanimous Voting

Voting as a group based on a commitment to vote for a specific candidate.

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Communism

System of beliefs centered around communal ownership and classless society.

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Democracy

A political system where citizens elect representatives to govern.

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Socialism

A political and economic system advocating for social ownership and equality.

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Study Notes

  • Culture, society, and politics are interconnected concepts relevant to social sciences.
  • The topic overview includes social and cultural background, the social sciences, and key observations related to understanding culture, society, and politics.

Social and Cultural Background

  • Environment and history primarily shape human behavior through beliefs, practices, and material possessions.
  • Constant practice forms human traditions passed down through generations.
  • Cultural variations are established as human groups experience different environmental conditions.

Nationality and Ethnicity

  • Nationality is the identity tied to being part of a nation, sharing history, tradition, and language.
  • National identity can be acquired through birth or legal processes like naturalization.
  • Ethnicity refers to smaller cultural groups within a nation sharing specific social environments, traditions, and histories.
  • The Philippines has 180 indigenous ethnic groups and more than 100 tribal groups inhabiting legally awarded areas.
  • Human populations also experience social differences in gender, socioeconomic class, political identity, and religious beliefs.

Gender

  • Gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes considered appropriate for men and women.
  • Sex refers to the biological characteristics of humans, such as male or female.
  • Gender categories are more varied, accommodating identities such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual (LGBTQIA+).
  • In some societies, gender becomes a basis of identity as social norms allow for acceptance or neglect.
  • Individuals who subscribe to alternative genders create groups or communities where they can articulate their thoughts and aspirations.
  • Types of gender are based on a person's sexual orientation and can be subdivided into more specific categories.
  • Heterosexual: most common, inclined to be sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex.
  • Homosexual: sexually attracted to a person of the same sex.
  • Gay: a male is romantically and sexually attracted to another male.
  • Lesbian: a female is romantically and sexually attracted to another female.
  • Bisexual: individuals who are attracted to both sexes.
  • Asexual: totally incapable of being attracted to any sex.
  • Polysexual: attracted to multiple types of gender
  • Pansexual: accommodate all types of gender different from polysexual orientation
  • Transgender: gender identities do not match their biological identity as male or female.
  • Transexual: individuals who believe the discourse between their internal gender and gender role can be addressed through medical reassignment.

Sexual Orientation

  • Sexual orientation is not related to genitalia; it allows individuals to identify with any other type of gender based on their biological identity (male or female).
  • Developments in understanding human diversity have led to the term "SOGIE" (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression) in the LGBTQIA+ discussion.
  • Gender expression is how an individual chooses to present themselves in society.
  • It includes their pronouns, clothes, and general behavior to signify their gender identity.

Socioeconomic Class

  • Socioeconomic Class varies between societies based on ideas of wealth and poverty.
  • People in different social classes experience life differently (transportation, food, etc.)

Determinants of Social Class

  • Income: Middle class earns PhP 150,000 and above
  • Amount of assets and savings
  • Cultural interest and hobbies
  • Peers and relatives
  • Traditional Class System (Great Britain): Upper, Middle, Working class
  • New 7 Class System (Great Britain): Elite, established middle, technical middle, new affluent workers, traditional working, emergent service workers, precariat
  • Filipino Class System: mahirap, medyo mayaman, sakto lang, mayaman

Political Identity

  • Political identity is the set of attitudes and practices an individual adheres to in relation to political systems and actors.
  • Sectors in society use their identities as political vehicles to negotiate for their needs.
  • Member of the Iglesia ni Cristo promote block voting, where ministers and members vote unanimously for a chosen candidate/party lineup.

Religion

  • Religion can offer political identity to its follower.
  • In a rigid context, can acquire political identity by subscribing to a political belief like communism, democracy, or socialism.
  • Belief in the supernatural has been around since 60,000 years ago.
  • Early religions involved making sense of natural occurrences (extreme weather, calamities, sickness, etc).
  • Religion has evolved to promote complex forms of understanding human nature, afterlife, and natural events.
  • Some religions are monotheistic (one god), whereas others are polytheistic (multiple gods).
  • Religions have gods in a hierarchy or gods that equally coexist.
  • Religion is a mirror of society affiliated with a strong caste system (India's hierarchical system of gods).

Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality

  • Individuals may not conform to behavioral or cognitive norms unintentionally.
  • Exceptionality leans on the non-average capacity of an individual and can be understood in a spectrum of capabilities.
  • Exceptional capabilities can put an individual in compromising situations as the environment demands conformity.
  • Issues range from fewer employment opportunities to not reaching one's full capacity due to a lack of support for an exceptional talent.

The Social Sciences

  • Anthropology studies humans.
  • It studies the origins of human change, the relationship to each other's cultures, and people from other cultures.
  • Anthropology's central focus is the study of man.
  • Concerns all human beings (ideology, beliefs, color, level of technology, or civilization.
  • Concerned with man's daily activities and behavior in all aspects of social life.
  • Anthropologists collect facts about society/culture in a systematic manner.
  • Anthropologists observe people, talk to them, and participate in their activities to understand how they live, their beliefs, values, and traditions, and how these shape their behavior and interactions.
  • Culture is from the Latin word "cultura" (care or civilization).
  • Culture is a set of learned behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that characterize a society or people in a group.
  • It includes behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols passed along by communication and imitation.
  • Culture can be material or nonmaterial.
  • Culture is the sum of symbols, ideas, forms of expressions, and material products.
  • Culture includes knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and habits acquired by people.

Kinds of Culture

  • Material culture includes concrete, tangible things (physical objects, dwelling units, tools, clothing, etc.) ranging from pre-historic materials.
  • Nonmaterial culture includes words people use, habits, customs, laws, and knowledge.

Components of Nonmaterial Culture

  • Knowledge: Body of facts and beliefs
  • Language: Communicating ideas, emotions
  • Social Norms: Guidelines for actions
  • Ideas: Conceptions, beliefs (accepted as true), and values (what is bad and good)

Elements of Culture

  • Sociology studies association, and social interaction.
  • Society exists when individuals enter into interactions based on certain purposes.
  • People share a common culture.

Political Science

  • From the Greek word "polis" (city state or sovereign state).
  • A part of ethics which deals with the regulation of nations or states and deals with their safety, prosperity and rights.
  • Science is from the Latin word "scire" (to know), and refers to activities associated with the government.
  • Large-scale movements, ideological, and changes in political systems are included.

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics: Key Observations

  • Society involves realities in social actions and interactions, cultural practices and traditions, and political power relations.
  • Social behavior is how individuals and groups interact and how they shape communities.
  • Social phenomena are observable patterns, trends, and events that influence how people behave in groups.
  • Cultural behavior involves shared beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices that define a group.
  • Cultural phenomena are the widespread trends artistic movements, and shifts in how people express identity.
  • Political behavior includes actions people take in relation to governance, power, and public affairs.
  • Phenomena shapes human interactions, institutions, and cultures.

Phenomena and Its Key Aspects

Phenomena

  • An observable event, behavior, or trend in society.
  • Phenoma can be recurring patterns, an emerging trend, or a event.

Aspects of Phenomena

  • Observable: can be studied and analyzed based on real-world data or experiences.
  • Impact and consequences: can have short-term and long-term effects that can be positive, negative, or neutral.
  • Recurrence and patterns: some repeat, showing results, trends, and patterns that can be studied
  • Includes changes in societal attitudes, cultural norms, and political movements.

Social connectivity

  • Technology has made communication is more efficient
  • This has also opened up more opportunities for connecting and communicating with each other.

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