Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (SOCSCI2) PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER A1 NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY 3RD MONTHLY TEST REVIEWER...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER A1 NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY 3RD MONTHLY TEST REVIEWER NATIONALITY ​ identity that is tied to being part of a TOPIC OVERVIEW nation or a country — a group of people who share the history, tradition, and A.​ SOCIAL AND CULTURAL language BACKGROUND ​ who inhabits a particular territory a.​ Nationality and Ethnicity delineated by a political border and b.​ Gender administered by a government c.​ Socioeconomic Class ​ can be acquired by being born in a d.​ Political Identity country or through legal processes such e.​ Religion as naturalization on citizenship f.​ Exceptionality / Non-Exceptionality ETHNICITY B.​ THE SOCIAL SCIENCES ​ within a nation are smaller cultural a.​ Kinds of Culture groups that share specific social b.​ Elements of Culture environments, traditions, and histories C.​ UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, that may be necessarily subscribed to by SOCIETY, AND POLITICS: KEY mainstream society OBSERVATIONS ​ the Philippines has 180 indigenous a.​ Social Behavior and ethnic groups Phenomena ​ more than 100 tribal groups who are b.​ Cultural Behavior and inhabiting legally awards Phenomena c.​ Political Behavior and ​ Human populations also experience Phenomena social differences which include categories on d.​ Phenomena and Its Key gender, socioeconomic class, political identity, Aspects and religious beliefs. A SOCIAL AND CULTURAL A2 GENDER BACKGROUND ​ According to WHO (2013), gender refers ​ Environment and history are the two to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, primary factors that shape the human behavior activities, and attributes that a given society of human groups — this behavior is influenced considers appropriate for men and women. by beliefs, practices, and material possessions. SEX ​ Through constant practice, these sets of ​ the biological characteristics of humans behavior form human traditions, which are such as male or female passed on from one generation to the other. ​ Gender categories are more varied, ​ As each human group experiences accommodating identities such as lesbian, gay, different environmental conditions, cultural bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual variations are established. (LGBTQIA+) PAGE 1 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER ​ In some societies, gender becomes a ○​ accommodate all types of gender basis of one’s identity as social norms allow for which is different from polysexual their acceptance or neglect. orientation ​ in case of neglect: individuals who subscribe to alternative ​ transgender genders create groups or ○​ gender identities do not match communities where they can their biological identity as male or articulate their thoughts and female aspirations more openly ​ transexual ​ There are several types of gender based ○​ these individuals believe that the on a person’s sexual orientation, depending on discourse between their internal the community and can be subdivided into gender and gender role that they more specific categories: have to perform can be addressed through medical reassignment ​ heterosexual ○​ most common SEXUAL ORIENTATION ○​ inclined to be sexually attracted ​ not related to their genitalia to a person of the opposite sex ​ allow them to identify to any other type of gender ​ homosexual ​ a person’s biological identity (male or ○​ sexually attracted to a person of female) the same sex ​ Development in the understanding of ​ gay human diversity with regard to gender have ○​ a male is romantically and allowed the acceptance of the term “SOGIE” sexually attracted to another (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and male Expression) in the LGBTQIA+ discussion. ​ lesbian ​ Internal concept of self that may be ○​ a female is romantically and related to being masculine, feminine, neither, or sexually attracted to another both without the strict relation to the physical female characteristics that a person has. ​ a person can be a man but feels more ​ bisexual like a woman, or vice versa ○​ individuals who are attracted to both sexes GENDER EXPRESSION ​ how an individual chooses to present ​ asexual himself or herself in the society ○​ totally incapable of being ​ through pronouns, clothes they wear, attracted to any sex and the general behavior their display to signify their gender identity ​ polysexual orientation ○​ attracted to multiple types of A3 SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS gender ​ pansexual SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS PAGE 2 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER ​ varies between societies or the ideas ​ a social category that refers to the set of associated with being poor or rich based attitudes and practices that an individual on the collective experience of an adheres to in relation to the political individual systems and actors within his or her ​ Filipino-Singaporeans would perceive society poverty differently “The damaged biology of a population has ​ People falling into different social classes become the grounds for social membership and are bound to experience life differently — the basis for taking citizenship claims.” transportation, type and amount of food they can afford and consume daily, and many more. ​ Sectors in our society use their identities as political vehicles to negotiate for and lobby DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL CLASS their needs. ​ income ○​ middle class – Php 150,000 and RELIGION above ​ can also offer political identity to its ​ amount of assets follower ​ amount of savings ​ member of the church Iglesia ni Cristo ​ cultural interest promote the practice of block voting, a ​ hobbies church-based exercise of one’s right to ​ peers and relatives suffrage ○​ the ministers and the members agree to unanimously vote for a Traditional Class System (Great Britain) chosen candidate or political ​ upper class party lineup ​ middle class ​ working class ​ In a more rigid context, an individual can acquire political identity by subscribing to a New 7 Class System (Great Britain) political belief — communism (korea, china), ​ elite democracy (philippines), or socialism (europe). ​ established middle class ​ technical middle class ​ new affluent workers A5 RELIGION ​ traditional working class ​ emergent service workers ​ precariat RELIGION ​ the belief in the supernatural has been Filipino Class System one of the universal preoccupations of ​ mahirap humans as early as 60,000 years ago ​ medyo mayaman ​ earliest forms: ​ sakto lang ○​ involved in making sense of ​ mayaman natural occurrences ​ e.g extreme weather conditions, natural and A4 POLITICAL IDENTITY man-made calamities, sickness, and death ​ has evolved to promote complex forms of POLITICAL IDENTITY understanding human nature, the afterlife, and natural events. PAGE 3 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER ​ from the greek word “anthropos” ​ Some are monotheistic, believing in the meaning “man” and “logos” and “logia” existence of one god, whereas others are meaning “to study” polytheistic, believing in the existence of ​ scientific study of man or human beings multiple gods. ​ origins of human change relate to each other own culture and people from other Some religions have gods arranged in a cultures hierarchy and others have gods that equally ​ central focus: study of man coexist. ​ Regardless of ideology, religious beliefs, color of the skin, level of technology, or NOTE: civilization — it is concerned with all human ​ religion is a mirror of society that beings across times and places, from affiliates with it such that a society with immemorial to the present. It is all concerned a strong caste system with man’s daily activities, and behavior in all aspects of his social life. India is expected to have a set of gods that is placed in a hierarchical system as well. ANTHROPOLOGISTS ​ collect facts about society and culture in A6 EXCEPTIONALITY / careful and systematic manners NON-EXCEPTIONALITY ​ they go out into the communities, they spend long periods of time observing people, talking to them, and ​ Some individuals do not conform to participating in their activities behavioral or cognitive norms not because they ○​ these methods allow them to intend to deviate, but because they are gain a deeper understanding of exceptional. how people live their lives, their beliefs, values, and traditions, and EXCEPTIONALITY how these shape their behavior ​ leans on the non-average capacity of an and interactions with others individual ​ can be understood in a spectrum of CULTURE capabilities ​ from the latin word “cultura” meaning ○​ such capabilities would place an care or “cultus” meaning civilization individual in compromising ​ set of learned behaviors, attitudes, and situations as the environment beliefs that characteristics of a society or demands conformity people in a group ​ behavior, beliefs, values, and symbols ​ Issues relating to both statuses can range that they accept from having fewer employment opportunities ​ passed along by communication and due to being physically disabled to not reaching imitation from one generation to the one’s full capacity due to the lack of advanced next mechanisms to support an exceptional talent. ​ can be material or nonmaterial ​ acc. to Allen G. Johnson B THE SOCIAL SCIENCES ○​ culture is the sum of symbols, ideas, forms of expressions, and material products ANTHROPOLOGY PAGE 4 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER ​ acc. to Sir Edward Tylor, english ○​ main idea: humans are to be anthropologist understood in the context of their ○​ culture includes knowledge, social life, that we are social beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, animals influenced by interaction, and habits acquired by the people social patterns, and socialization as members of the society ○​ human behavior can only be adequately understood by looking into the relationship of B1 KINDS OF CULTURE man with other members of the society MATERIAL CULTURE ○​ associates interacts with other ​ concrete, tangible things that man social beings in different social creates and uses settings ​ physical objects or artifacts ○​ SOCIETY exists where number of ​ dwelling units, tools, weapons, individuals enter into interactions implements, clothing, stone axes, chairs, which arise on the basis of certain etc. purposes ​ may range from pre-historic materials 2.​ SOCIETY NONMATERIAL CULTURE ○​ people who interact in such a way ​ words people use, habits they follow, the as to share a common culture ideas of customs, behavior of any society ○​ geographic meaning: people — strive to conform who share a common culture in a ​ laws, techniques, knowledge particular location ○​ a group of people who share a ​ Components of Nonmaterial Culture culture and a territory ​ knowledge – body of facts and beliefs 3.​ POLITICAL SCIENCE ​ language – communicating ​ politics ideas, emotions ○​ from the greek word ​ social norms – guidelines for “polis” meaning city state actions or sovereign state ​ ideas – man’s conceptions ○​ part of ethics which has to ○​ beliefs (conceptions do with the regulation of accepted as true) nations or states; ○​ values (what is bad and preservation of its safety, what is good) peace, and prosperity ○​ defense of its existence and rights against foreign B2 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE control or conquest ○​ can be legislative, 1.​ SOCIOLOGY executive, or judicial ○​ from the latin word “socius” ​ science meaning companion or associate ○​ from the latin word “scire” and the greek word “logos” meaning to know meaning study ​ activities associated with the ○​ study of association, group, governance of a country or area society, and social interaction PAGE 5 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER “You and I exist in a social context.” ​ includes large-scale movements, ideological, and changes in political systems C UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS: KEY OBSERVATIONS C4 PHENOMENA AND ITS KEY ASPECTS Society involves realities in the following areas: PHENOMENA ​ social — actions and interactions ​ an observable event, behavior, or trend ​ cultural — practices and traditions that occurs within a society ​ political — power relations ​ affects individuals or groups ​ can be recurring patterns, an emerging trend, or a significant one-time event C1 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PHENOMENA ​ shapes human interactions, institutions, and cultures SOCIAL BEHAVIOR ​ how individuals and groups interact, KEY ASPECTS OF PHENOMENA from relationships and how they shape ​ observable communities ○​ can be studied and analyzed based on real-world data or SOCIAL PHENOMENA experiences ​ observable patterns, trends, and events ​ impact and consequences that influence how people behave in ○​ often has short-term and groups long-term effects on individuals, societies, or systems ○​ can be positive, negative, or C2 CULTURAL BEHAVIOR AND neutral PHENOMENA ​ recurrence and patterns ○​ some repeat over time; showing CULTURAL BEHAVIOR results, trends, and patterns that ​ involves shared beliefs, customs, can be studied traditions, and practices that define a group ​ It reflects changes in societal attitudes, cultural norms, and political movements related CULTURAL PHENOMENA to gender identity, relationships, and human ​ the widespread trends, artistic rights. movements, and shifts in how people express identity ​ One of the most significant changes that technology has brought to modern communications is the ability to communicate C3 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR AND and work remotely. PHENOMENA ​ With the rise of video conferencing and POLITICAL BEHAVIOR collaboration tools, people can now work ​ actions people take in relation to together seamlessly from different locations governance, power, and public affairs around the world. POLITICAL PHENOMENA PAGE 6 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS SOCSCI2 3RD QUARTER — 2ND SEMESTER ​ This has not only made communication more efficient but has also opened up more opportunities for businesses and individuals to connect and collaborate on a global scale. sample table: TABLE TITLE KEY TERM Definition Example KEY TERM Definition Example PAGE 7 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION