Questions and Answers
Who is considered the founder of anthropology?
E.B. Tylor
What is Tylor's definition of culture?
The complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
According to Linton, what is culture?
Social heredity transmitted from one generation to another with the accumulation of individual differences.
What does John Beattee define culture as?
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Cultural variation refers to the similarities in social behaviors across different cultures.
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What are the primary components of cultural variations?
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What is ethnicity defined as?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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All societies are made up of various ethnic groups.
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What is the main characteristic of a cultural phenomenon?
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How are social, political, and cultural behaviors primarily formed in society?
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Which of the following statements best describes popularity?
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What role does social media play in cultural phenomena?
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What is formal deviance?
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What distinguishes informal deviance from formal deviance?
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Which statement correctly identifies the relationship between deviance and power structures in society?
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What is a fan base crucial for regarding cultural phenomena?
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What best explains the role of culture in shaping a community's identity?
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Which of the following best describes a potential impact of an open letter posted on social media?
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What trait might most influence how individuals react during a community crisis?
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Which of the following factors contributes most to an individual's popularity within a social network?
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What is a common misconception regarding deviance in society?
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What does a food taboo often relate to in societal practices?
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What is the significance of the act of voting in political behavior?
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What typically characterizes a political dynasty?
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Which term describes the phenomenon where individuals follow the behavior of others?
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How does social media influence popularity and fan bases in modern culture?
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What role does a celebrity endorsement play in political campaigns?
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In terms of deviance in society, which category best describes individuals who engage in behavior similar to others to gain acceptance?
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What is one potential consequence of food taboos during certain periods of life?
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Study Notes
Understanding Culture
- E.B. Tylor defines culture as a complex whole encompassing knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and habits acquired by individuals in society.
- Various definitions exist among sociologists:
- Tylor emphasizes the collective nature of culture.
- Linton describes culture as social heredity, passed through generations alongside individual differences.
- Beattee views culture as the lifestyle transmitted across generations.
Cultural Variation
- Global culture exhibits distinctive identities, termed multiculturalism, with rich diversity in social practices.
- Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behaviors exhibited by different cultures, influenced by factors like etiquette, gender roles, and economic systems.
- Anthropologists and sociologists study cultural variation across different cultures and generations, examining rituals and societal changes.
Social Differences
- Social differences, such as race, gender, and occupation, establish significant societal distinctions and organize inequality within societies.
- Key components influencing cultural variations include:
- Religion: Set of practices relating to beliefs about deities.
- Ethnicity: Defined by shared ancestry influencing identity through values and customs.
Ethnicity and Race
- Societies encompass diversified ethnic groups and races, contributing to unique cultures.
- Ethnicity involves groups with common culture, language, history, religion, and traditions, such as Filipinos and Malays.
- Race classifies people based on physical attributes like skin color and facial features, categorized into major races:
- Caucasoid: Fair skin, light or wavy hair, high nose bridge.
- Mongoloid: Yellowish skin, straight black hair, almond-shaped eyes.
- Negroid: Dark skin, curly black hair, large round eyes.
Summary of Major Races
-
Caucasoid
- Skin Color: Fair
- Hair: Light colored; straight or wavy
- Eyes: Round
- Nose: High nose bridge
-
Mongoloid
- Skin Color: Yellowish
- Hair: Straight; black
- Eyes: Almond-shaped
- Nose: Low to medium nose bridge
-
Negroid
- Skin Color: Dark
- Hair: Curly; black
- Eyes: Large round
- Nose: Low nose bridge
Cultural Phenomena
- Cultural phenomena arise from widespread popularity, emphasizing the process of becoming famous rather than the subject itself.
- Social interactions are fundamental in shaping social, political, and cultural behavior within society.
- Shared stories and experiences foster a sense of community and contribute to social order.
Popularity and Fan Bases
- Popularity refers to being liked and supported by many; a clear indicator is the formation of fan bases.
- Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram serve as vital spaces for interaction and the dissemination of information.
Deviance and Power Dynamics
- Deviance represents a power struggle determined by societal power structures.
- Formal deviance includes actions against the law (e.g., robbery, theft, rape), while informal deviance refers to social norm violations (e.g., public spitting, belching).
Food Taboos
- Certain foods may be restricted during religious periods (e.g., Lent, Ramadan) or for specific groups (e.g., pregnant women, priests).
Istambay (Bum)
- Istambay is a Filipino term for individuals who are jobless or perceived as lazy.
Marriage
- Marriage is formally recognized as a union between a man and a woman, serving as a cultural and legal institution.
Political Behavior and Phenomena
- Political behavior encompasses actions through which authority and governance are exercised; influenced by personal views and political participation.
- Voting exemplifies a common political behavior, showing how citizens engage in governance.
Political Terms
- Political dynasty refers to a family with multiple members in governance.
- A political candidate often seeks endorsements from influential individuals to gain support.
- Elections represent the organized process of electing members to political positions.
Cultural Behavior
- The bandwagon effect illustrates how individuals may adopt behaviors simply because others do.
- Culture shapes societal identity, consisting of norms and shared practices within a community.
Definition of Culture and Society
- Edward B. Tylor defines culture as the "complex whole" of knowledge, beliefs, customs, and habits acquired within society.
- Society is characterized by individuals interacting and forming a culture, linked through shared beliefs, languages, and institutions.
Critical Thinking Activity
- Reflect on personal traits influenced by societal, cultural, and political forces; assess how these traits manifest in crisis situations.
Social Change and Social Media
- Open letters or complaints on platforms like Facebook can stimulate social discussions for change, illustrating the power of online dialogue.
Activities
- Picture analysis and reflective essays encourage critical engagement with media and personal opinions about television networks.
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Description
Explore the foundations of culture as defined by E.B. Tylor, the founder of anthropology. This quiz will help you understand the complex components of culture including knowledge, beliefs, and practices. Prepare to delve into key concepts that shape society and politics.
