Tumor Immunology Quiz

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What mechanism allows tumor cells to evade immune detection by losing their antigens?

Selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants (correct)

Induction of regulatory T cells

Upregulation of MHC molecules

Secretion of immunosuppressive factors

How do tumor cells inhibit the activation of cytotoxic T cells?

By activating CD4+ T cells

By increasing tumor antigen expression

By reducing MHC class I molecule expression (correct)

By secreting IL-2

What effect does TGF-β secretion by tumors have on T cells?

It enhances T cell proliferation

It inhibits T cell migration to tumor sites (correct)

It promotes memory T cell formation

It induces T cell differentiation into effector cells

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which tumors promote immunoevasion?

Inhibition of NK cell activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of upregulating negative regulatory checkpoints like PD-L1 on tumor cells?

Suppression of immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is directly linked to the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in response to tumors?

Secretion of immunosuppressive factors Signup and view all the answers

What effect does epithelial injury have on E-cadherin and β-catenin?

It disrupts their interaction, allowing β-catenin to translocate to the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is associated with PTCH mutations?

Gorlin syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of the Warburg effect for cancer cells?

Production of metabolic intermediates for synthesizing cellular components. Signup and view all the answers

How do receptor tyrosine kinase and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways affect glycolysis?

They upregulate glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What type of carcinoma is associated with CDH1 mutations?

Lobular breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of tumor suppressor mutations?

Facilitation of localized invasion or metastasis. Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome has mutations in the VHL gene associated with it?

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of mutations in the E-cadherin/β-catenin axis in carcinomas?

Increased risk of metastasis. Signup and view all the answers

Why might cancer cells prefer glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation?

Glycolysis provides necessary building blocks for growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tumors associated with STK11 mutations?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of p53 degradation by E6 proteins in high-risk HPV subtypes?

Increased driver mutations in cancer genes Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome are predisposed to which of the following?

Multiple primary tumors Signup and view all the answers

How does RB protein contribute to controlling the cell cycle in a hypophosphorylated state?

It binds E2F transcription factors and inhibits their activity Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism abrogates the antiproliferative effect of RB in cancers?

RB hyperphosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What role does APC play in tumor suppression?

Downregulates growth promoting signaling pathways Signup and view all the answers

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is associated with which type of genetic mutation?

Germline mutations in APC Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of HPV E7 protein on RB protein?

Binds to hypophosphorylated RB and promotes its degradation Signup and view all the answers

Which protein maintains intercellular adhesion by connecting to β-catenin?

E-Cadherin Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of upregulated telomerase expression in the context of p53 degradation?

Increased cellular immortalization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms allows for the loss of RB function in cancer?

Amplifications of cyclin D and CDK4 genes Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inhibition of pyruvate kinase have on glycolytic intermediates?

It results in their accumulation for biosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of autophagy in nutrient deficiency?

To cannibalize cellular components for energy. Signup and view all the answers

How do mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) affect cellular metabolism?

They can cause abnormal patterns of DNA methylation. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily allows tumor cells to evade apoptosis?

Overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of TP53 loss in tumor cells?

Resistance to apoptotic cell death. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is commonly found in all cancers regarding replicative potential?

Immortal cells with limitless replicative potential. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence results from the upregulation of RAS signaling due to TET2 loss?

Increased cell growth and survival. Signup and view all the answers

How does autophagy contribute to tumor cell dormancy?

By providing energy during nutrient scarcity. Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic shift is induced by MYC in cells?

Changes in gene expression towards anabolic metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glutaminase in cancer metabolism?

To facilitate mitochondrial utilization of glutamine. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes oncogenes?

They are mutated or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oncoproteins?

To participate in signaling pathways that promote cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which checkpoint monitors DNA integrity before DNA replication begins?

G1-S checkpoint Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when cells detect severe genetic damage?

They undergo apoptosis or enter a state of senescence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oncogenes is associated with breast carcinoma?

ERBB2 (HER) Signup and view all the answers

What common abnormality involving proto-oncogenes is found in human cancers?

Point mutations of RAS family genes Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism involves chromosomal translocations or rearrangements in cancer?

The creation of fusion genes encoding active tyrosine kinases. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are considered the most important in oncogenesis?

Receptor tyrosine kinases Signup and view all the answers

In which type of leukemia is the ABL tyrosine kinase especially involved?

Chronic myeloid leukemia Signup and view all the answers