Tuberculosis Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the following characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with their descriptions:

Rod-shaped = The shape of the bacterium Aerobic = Requires oxygen for growth Granulomatous lesions = Result from tissue destruction Mycolic acids = Component of cell walls

Match the following transmission methods of tuberculosis with their descriptions:

Normal breathing = Transmits up to 1 meter Respiratory exhalation = Transmits up to 2 meters Sneezing = Transmits up to 6 meters Airborne droplets = Means of transmission

Match the following symptoms of tuberculosis with their respective areas of manifestation:

Loss of appetite = Central symptoms Prolonged cough = Lung symptoms Night sweats = Skin symptoms Fatigue = Central symptoms

Match the following aspects of tuberculosis with their global impact information:

Leading infectious cause of death = Worldwide significance Over 2 billion infected = Scope of the issue Slow-growing bacteria = Growth characteristics Only transmitted between humans = Transmission information Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions of the primary infection stage of tuberculosis:

Asymptomatic = No symptoms present initially Macrophages = Host cells for bacteria proliferation Bacilli proliferation = Growth in the body Clinical manifestations = Emergence of symptoms over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their relation to tuberculosis incidence:

Global incidence = One third of the world's population infected Risk factors = Determine likelihood of infection Infection transmission = Results in widespread cases Bacilli presence = Essential for the disease to spread Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of tuberculosis transmission with their environmental conditions:

Airborne droplets = Heavy respiratory activity Coughing = Common form of transmission Sneezing = Highly effective transmission method Breathing = Low risk of transmission distance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to tuberculosis with their definitions:

M. tuberculosis = Bacterium responsible for TB Aerobic bacilli = Needs oxygen for survival Cell walls = Contain mycolic acids Fatty acids = Result in granulomatous lesions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tuberculosis drugs with their mechanisms of action:

Isoniazid = Inhibit mycolic acid synthesis Ethambutol = Inhibit cell wall synthesis Pyrazinamide = Sterilizing activity inside acidic intracellular compartments Rifampicin = Inhibits RNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tuberculosis drugs with their contraindications:

Streptomycin = Pregnancy, renal impairment Ethambutol = Younger than 8 years old Isoniazid = Alcohol abuse Rifampicin = Never use alone Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases of tuberculosis treatment with their duration:

Intensive phase = 3 months Continuation phase for MDR-TB = 12 - 18 months Intensive phase for MDR-TB = 6 months Continuation phase for standard TB = 5 months Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tuberculosis drugs with their associated adverse effects:

Pyrazinamide = Gout Streptomycin = Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity Isoniazid = Liver damage Ethambutol = Optic neuritis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tuberculosis treatment strategies with their primary target group:

Isoniazid Preventative Therapy (IPT) = People living with HIV who do not have active TB Initiate HAART after TB treatment = CD4 count dependent Treat TB first if developed first = Prioritize disease control Modify HAART if TB develops on treatment = Safety-based adjustments Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of tuberculosis with their characteristics:

Active TB = Infectious with signs and symptoms Latent TB = Dormant without symptoms Pulmonary TB = Involves lung tissue Extra-pulmonary TB = Involves other organs Signup and view all the answers

Match the risk factors with their descriptions:

HIV/AIDS = Immunosuppressive condition Silicosis = Lung-related risk factor Diabetes mellitus = Metabolic condition increasing risk Corticosteroid use = Suppresses immune function Signup and view all the answers

Match the detection methods with their functionalities:

Serological tests = Test for antibodies Skin test = Measures skin reaction Sputum test = Microscopic analysis for bacilli Chest X-ray = Visualizes pulmonary inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms with their descriptions:

Chronic cough = Cough lasting more than 2 weeks Fever = Elevated body temperature Night sweats = Perspiration during sleep Weight loss = Decrease in body weight Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment goals with their objectives:

Cure the patient = Eliminate the disease Prevent death = Reduce mortality from TB Prevent relapse = Avoid recurrence of TB Decrease transmission = Limit spread to others Signup and view all the answers

Match the phases of treatment with their purposes:

Intensive phase = Rapidly eradicate bacilli Continuation phase = Eliminate remaining viable bacilli Directly observed therapy (DOT) = Ensure treatment compliance Combination therapy = Use multiple drugs to treat TB Signup and view all the answers

Match the microscopy results with their infectious potential:

Smear positive = Visible bacilli in sputum Smear negative = No visible bacilli in sputum Infectious TB = Can be transmitted to others Non-infectious TB = Not capable of transmission Signup and view all the answers

Match the methods of diagnosing TB with their indicators:

Chest X-ray = Pulmonary inflammation visible Microscopic examination = Analysis of body fluids PCR testing = Detect drug resistance Tuberculin skin test = Identify latent TB Signup and view all the answers

Match the conditions that worsen TB outcomes:

Inadequate disease control = Emergence of drug resistance Co-infection with HIV = Increased mortality risk Poverty = Associated with poor outcomes Overcrowding = Facilitates TB transmission Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment components with their requirements:

Adequate duration = Required for correct treatment Fixed dose combinations = Standardized treatment protocols Metabolically active bacilli = Target for drug vulnerability Transient activity = Short periods of bacilli activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the tuberculosis medications with their primary function:

Isoniazid = Bactericidal against metabolically active bacilli Rifampicin = Sterilizing activity against semi dormant bacilli Pyrazinamide = Prevents emergence of resistant strains Ethambutol = Replaces isoniazid in cases of resistance Signup and view all the answers

Match the age groups with their respective intensive phase regimen for tuberculosis treatment:

Younger than 8 years = Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide for minimum of 2 months 8 years and older = All first-line drugs for minimum of 2 months Patients with isoniazid resistance = Replace with Ethambutol Continuation phase for all = Isoniazid and Rifampicin for 4 months Signup and view all the answers

Match the acetylation types with their characteristics regarding isoniazid metabolism:

Slow acetylators = Half-life of 3 hours, increased neurotoxicity risk Fast acetylators = Half-life of 1 hour, increased hepatotoxicity risk General acetylation = Genetic control Therapeutic response = Greater in slow acetylators Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug resistance types with their definitions:

Mono drug resistant strains = Resistance to a single first-line anti-TB drug Multidrug resistant TB (MDR TB) = Resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR TB) = MDR TB plus resistance to fluoroquinolones Second-line drug resistance = Resistance to at least one injectable second-line drug Signup and view all the answers

Match the reasons for drug-resistant TB with their descriptions:

Inadequate treatment = Causes drug-resistant TB due to erratic dosing Transmission = Drug-resistant TB can spread from person to person Management by specialists = Individually according to susceptibility results Treatment duration = Takes 3-4 times longer than regular TB treatment Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of TB treatment phases with their frequency:

Intensive phase = Daily dosing for minimum of 2 months Continuation phase = 3x per week for 4 months Monthly check-ups = Evaluation of treatment effectiveness HIV patients = May require adjusted dosing schedule Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug characteristics with their respective actions in TB treatment:

Isoniazid = Inhibits cell wall synthesis of bacteria Rifampicin = Inhibits RNA synthesis Pyrazinamide = Disrupts mycobacterial cell metabolism Ethambutol = Inhibits cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Match the key components of effective TB treatment with their explanations:

Fixed-dose combinations = Enhances patient compliance Continuation of treatment = Necessary for complete eradication of bacteria Monitoring resistance = Guides future treatment plans Patient education = Important for recognizing treatment adherence issues Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug classes with their specific resistance characteristics:

First-line drugs = Resistance leads to individual drug evaluations Second-line drugs = Used when first-line drugs are ineffective Fluoroquinolones = Part of XDR TB resistance profile Injectable second-line drugs = Critical for severe resistant cases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and is the leading infectious cause of death globally.
Over 2 billion people are currently infected with TB.
Mtb is an aerobic bacilli, meaning it requires oxygen to grow.
Mycolic acids in the cell wall of Mtb lead to the formation of granulomatous lesions that cause tissue damage throughout the body.
Mtb is transmitted between humans through airborne droplets, spread through sneezing, coughing, and even normal breathing.
Primary infection is usually asymptomatic, with bacilli multiplying inside macrophages.
Clinical manifestations of TB include; loss of appetite, fatigue, prolonged productive cough, night sweats, and pallor.
Risk factors for developing active TB include; immunosuppressive conditions, silicosis, diabetes mellitus, and prolonged corticosteroid use.
TB infection can be latent (dormant with no symptoms and not infectious), or active (symptoms present and infectious with bacilli damaging the body).
Pulmonary TB affects the lung tissue and can be either smear positive (visible TB bacilli in sputum and highly infectious), or smear negative (less infectious).
Extrapulmonary TB affects organs other than the lungs, such as the pleura, lymph nodes, abdomen, genitourinary tract, skin, joints bones, and meninges.
Signs and Symptoms of active TB infection include; chronic cough with or without blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Methods of detection include; serological tests, skin tests, sputum tests, and chest X-rays.
Diagnosis of active TB relies on; radiology, microscopic examination, microbiological culture, and PCR.
Diagnosis of latent TB relies on; tuberculin skin test and blood tests.
The leading causes of TB morbidity and mortality include inadequate control programs, multidrug resistance, HIV co-infection, and poverty.
Treatment goals for TB include; curing the patient, preventing death, preventing relapse, decreasing transmission, and preventing drug resistance.
Treatment for TB requires multiple drugs due to the persistence of the bacilli.
Treatment in South Africa follows standardized protocols with fixed-dose combinations.
The intensive phase of treatment focuses on rapidly eliminating bacilli from the sputum, while the continuation phase sterilizes the remaining viable bacilli.
Standard treatment regimens for both new and previously treated patients exist, with specific regimens recommended for children under 8 years old, those 8 years and older, and for adults.
Dosing frequency should ideally be daily, but it can be adjusted to three times a week under certain circumstances.
Drug resistance can develop due to inadequate or erratic treatment and transmission.
MDR-TB (Multidrug Resistant TB) is defined as resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin, while XDR-TB (Extensively Drug Resistant TB) is defined as MDR-TB with resistance to fluoroquinolones and certain injectable second-line drugs.
Retreatment regimens are required for patients with higher likelihood of drug resistance.
Isoniazid Preventative Therapy (IPT) is recommended for people living with HIV who have been excluded from active TB treatment.
IPT is usually initiated as soon as HAART is initiated, with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) administered alongside isoniazid.
IPT can be used during pregnancy and does not increase the risk of isoniazid resistance, but it is contraindicated with alcohol abuse.
Concomitant HAART treatment with TB requires careful monitoring and adjustment of drug regimens to minimize drug interactions and reduce the risk of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS).
Pyrazinamide acts by sterilizing activity in acidic compartments.
Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and can be administered with vitamin B6.
Ethambutol inhibits cell wall synthesis and is contraindicated in children younger than 8 years old.
Streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis and is contraindicated in pregnancy and renal impairment.
Rifampicin inhibits RNA synthesis and can cause body fluid coloration.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This quiz covers its transmission, clinical manifestations, and risk factors for developing active TB. Learn about the importance of understanding TB's impact on global health.