Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Public Health
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Questions and Answers

What is the public health significance of tuberculosis?

  • It primarily affects developed countries
  • It is a major cause of disability and death in many parts of the world (correct)
  • It is a minor health issue in developing countries
  • It is not a significant health concern globally
  • How has the trend of tuberculosis changed in recent decades in developed and developing countries?

  • It has been steadily increasing
  • It has been sporadic
  • It has been steadily decreasing (correct)
  • It has remained constant
  • What has contributed to the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990s?

  • Reduced resistance to anti TB drugs
  • Decreased HIV prevalence
  • Increased HIV prevalence and increased mobility of the world's population (correct)
  • Decreased mobility of the world's population
  • What proportion of the world's population is estimated to be infected with tuberculosis (latent infection)?

    <p>About 33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which income countries are over 80% of tuberculosis cases found?

    <p>Low- and middle-income countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence of tuberculosis in Egypt in 2021?

    <p>110 cases per 100,000 people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which causative agent is responsible for about 98% of pulmonary TB?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can Mycobacterium tuberculosis survive in sputum?

    <p>Several months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Direct droplet infection from open cases of TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is more susceptible to tuberculosis due to more exposure and physical and mental stress?

    <p>Adolescents and young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is mainly responsible for protecting against tuberculosis?

    <p>Cell-mediated immune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mantoux test reveal?

    <p>Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for tuberculosis?

    <p>4-12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can cause low resistance and predispose to tuberculosis or its reactivation?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, first isolated by Robert Koch in 1882.
    • TB is a global health issue, particularly in developing countries.
    • Annually, there are 9 million new cases and 3 million deaths.
    • 80% of cases are in low- and middle-income countries.
    • Among all cases, 6.7% are among people living with HIV.
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main cause of human TB, responsible for 98% of pulmonary TB and 30% of extra-pulmonary TB.
    • Mycobacterium bovine is the main cause of TB in cattle and can also infect humans.
    • Tuberculosis is highly contagious and can spread through direct droplet infection, airborne infection, or contaminated articles and milk.
    • Incubation period for tuberculosis is 4-12 weeks.
    • Susceptibility to tuberculosis is influenced by age, sex, immunity, malnutrition, genetic factors, race, occupational exposure, chronic diseases, and environmental factors.
    • Tuberculin (Mantoux) test is an intradermal test used to reveal delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity.
    • Tuberculosis can survive in humid environments for months, but cannot resist heat and can be killed by boiling or pasteurization of milk.
    • Egypt has an incidence rate of 11 cases per 100,000 people (11,000 cases) in 2021.
    • Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteria, which are relatively highly resistant outside the body but can be killed by heat.
    • Tuberculosis can spread through direct droplet infection, airborne infection, or contaminated articles and milk.
    • The incubation period for tuberculosis is 4-12 weeks.
    • Tuberculosis can affect people of any age, but certain age groups are more susceptible, including children under 5 years old, adolescents and young adults, and older people.
    • Tuberculosis is more prevalent in males than females.
    • Immunity to tuberculosis is caused by primary infection or vaccination.
    • Malnutrition, genetic factors, race, familial susceptibility, occupation, chronic disease, low socioeconomic level, poverty, illiteracy, and bad health habits can all increase the risk of tuberculosis.
    • The tuberculin (Mantoux) test is based on the fact that an individual's immune system will react to the presence of tuberculosis antigens.

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    Test your knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology, public health significance, and occurrence worldwide. Learn about the global prevalence, regions most affected, and the re-emergence of TB in certain areas.

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