14 Questions
What is the public health significance of tuberculosis?
It is a major cause of disability and death in many parts of the world
How has the trend of tuberculosis changed in recent decades in developed and developing countries?
It has been steadily decreasing
What has contributed to the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990s?
Increased HIV prevalence and increased mobility of the world's population
What proportion of the world's population is estimated to be infected with tuberculosis (latent infection)?
About 33%
In which income countries are over 80% of tuberculosis cases found?
Low- and middle-income countries
What is the incidence of tuberculosis in Egypt in 2021?
110 cases per 100,000 people
Which causative agent is responsible for about 98% of pulmonary TB?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
How long can Mycobacterium tuberculosis survive in sputum?
Several months
What is the mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Direct droplet infection from open cases of TB
Who is more susceptible to tuberculosis due to more exposure and physical and mental stress?
Adolescents and young adults
What type of immunity is mainly responsible for protecting against tuberculosis?
Cell-mediated immune reactions
What does the Mantoux test reveal?
Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity
What is the incubation period for tuberculosis?
4-12 weeks
What factor can cause low resistance and predispose to tuberculosis or its reactivation?
Malnutrition
Study Notes
- Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, first isolated by Robert Koch in 1882.
- TB is a global health issue, particularly in developing countries.
- Annually, there are 9 million new cases and 3 million deaths.
- 80% of cases are in low- and middle-income countries.
- Among all cases, 6.7% are among people living with HIV.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main cause of human TB, responsible for 98% of pulmonary TB and 30% of extra-pulmonary TB.
- Mycobacterium bovine is the main cause of TB in cattle and can also infect humans.
- Tuberculosis is highly contagious and can spread through direct droplet infection, airborne infection, or contaminated articles and milk.
- Incubation period for tuberculosis is 4-12 weeks.
- Susceptibility to tuberculosis is influenced by age, sex, immunity, malnutrition, genetic factors, race, occupational exposure, chronic diseases, and environmental factors.
- Tuberculin (Mantoux) test is an intradermal test used to reveal delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity.
- Tuberculosis can survive in humid environments for months, but cannot resist heat and can be killed by boiling or pasteurization of milk.
- Egypt has an incidence rate of 11 cases per 100,000 people (11,000 cases) in 2021.
- Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteria, which are relatively highly resistant outside the body but can be killed by heat.
- Tuberculosis can spread through direct droplet infection, airborne infection, or contaminated articles and milk.
- The incubation period for tuberculosis is 4-12 weeks.
- Tuberculosis can affect people of any age, but certain age groups are more susceptible, including children under 5 years old, adolescents and young adults, and older people.
- Tuberculosis is more prevalent in males than females.
- Immunity to tuberculosis is caused by primary infection or vaccination.
- Malnutrition, genetic factors, race, familial susceptibility, occupation, chronic disease, low socioeconomic level, poverty, illiteracy, and bad health habits can all increase the risk of tuberculosis.
- The tuberculin (Mantoux) test is based on the fact that an individual's immune system will react to the presence of tuberculosis antigens.
Test your knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology, public health significance, and occurrence worldwide. Learn about the global prevalence, regions most affected, and the re-emergence of TB in certain areas.
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