Tuberculosis: Causes and Immune Response Quiz

Tuberculosis is caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a slow-growing, slender, rod-shaped acid-fast bacillus with a waxy outer capsule.

In response to TB infection, alveolar macrophages create a granuloma that contains the bacteria, surrounded by collagen, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes, isolating the pathogen.

Tuberculosis spreads predominantly through aerosolization from person to person, typically requiring close, frequent, or prolonged exposure to an infected individual.

<p>Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when a person is infected but does not exhibit symptoms and cannot spread the disease, whereas active tuberculosis involves symptomatic disease that can be transmitted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High rates of tuberculosis in individuals with HIV infection and increased immunosuppression among certain populations contribute to the resurgence of tuberculosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Results from the tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assay, or sputum culture can indicate the presence of TB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ineffective airway clearance and alteration in gas exchange related to necrosis of lung tissue are common nursing diagnoses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goals include achieving functional pulmonary function, compliance with the therapeutic regimen, and preventing disease recurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients suspected of having TB should be placed on airborne isolation precautions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should be taught the importance of wearing masks and following isolation protocols to prevent airborne transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates resistance to the first line drugs used to treat tuberculosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The poor and underserved populations, as well as minorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps evaluate pulmonary tuberculosis findings and can show dense lesions and cavity formations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common manifestations include fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and a persistent cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used to determine exposure and infection with tuberculosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miliary tuberculosis is one possible complication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Close contact with active TB patients, immunocompromised status, and inadequate healthcare resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IGRAs indicate TB infection but do not differentiate between active and latent TB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should be taught to cough or sneeze into a tissue and practice careful hand-washing after handling sputum or soiled tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healthcare providers can promote airway clearance by administering humidified oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should understand the importance of medication adherence and the potential side effects of therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Community clinics provide low-cost treatment options and essential follow-up care for patients with tuberculosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin testing is important to identify latent TB infection early, allowing timely intervention and treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should report yellowing of the skin, pain or swelling of joints, loss of appetite, or malaise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should drink a glass of water with each dose and increase fluid intake throughout the day to prevent dehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baseline visual acuity tests and color discrimination ability should be determined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should consume at least 2-3 liters of fluid daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two manifestations are unexplained weight loss and low-grade fevers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients must avoid alcohol while on these medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with latent TB infection are symptom-free, while those with active TB may experience fatigue and cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in vision should be reported immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class 2: Latent infection; no disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver function tests, renal function studies, vision examination, and audiometric testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make the disease noncommunicable, reduce symptoms, and effect a cure in the shortest time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants, children, and healthcare workers exposed to untreated or ineffectively treated active TB patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 to 12 months with a single drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid (INH), Rifampin (RIF), Pyrazinamide (PZA), Ethambutol (EMB).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consider drug resistance and add 2-3 other medications to the regimen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid foods containing tyramine and histamine such as aged cheese, red wine, and soy sauce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strategy to ensure adherence by having a healthcare provider observe the patient taking their medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor for hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity, and provide Vitamin B6 to prevent neurotoxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers