Translation Quiz - Protein Synthesis

The process of converting genetic information from nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) into proteins.

The set of rules that determines which amino acids are coded for by specific sequences of three nucleotides (codons).

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.

A genetic code where multiple codons can specify the same amino acid.

The way in which a sequence of nucleotides is grouped into codons, determining the amino acid sequence of the protein.

A mutation that alters the reading frame, leading to a change in the amino acid sequence and often a nonfunctional protein.

A second mutation that restores the function of a protein that was previously disrupted by a frameshift mutation.

A virus that infects bacteria, used in experiments to understand the genetic code.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps translate a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. It carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome.

tRNAs are single-stranded RNA molecules with complementary regions that fold into a cloverleaf shape. This structure further folds into an L-shape, allowing it to interact with both the ribosome and mRNA.

The anticodon is a specific sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.

An enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule.

A complex molecular machine found in all living cells that serves as the site of protein synthesis. It reads mRNA instructions and assembles amino acids into a protein.

The smaller subunit of the bacterial ribosome. It is responsible for binding to mRNA and decoding the genetic code.

The larger subunit of the bacterial ribosome. It contains the peptidyl transferase center, where peptides are formed.

The complete bacterial ribosome formed by the association of the 30S and 50S subunits.

A measure of a molecule's sedimentation rate during centrifugation, reflecting its size and shape. It's not directly proportional to molecular weight.

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits: a small subunit (30S in bacteria) and a large subunit (50S in bacteria). These subunits contain both rRNA and proteins.

RNA molecules found within ribosomes. They are essential for protein synthesis, providing the structural framework and catalytic activity.

The small subunit is responsible for decoding mRNA, ensuring the correct amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain. It binds to mRNA and the initiator tRNA to start translation.

The large subunit is responsible for peptide bond formation, linking amino acids together to create the polypeptide chain. It contains the catalytic site for this process.

Protein synthesis occurs in three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

The first stage of protein synthesis, where the small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA and the initiator tRNA (fMet-tRNAifMet) at the start codon.

The stage where amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain, one by one, following the code in the mRNA.

The process of protein synthesis proceeds from the 5' end of the mRNA to the 3' end, resulting in the addition of amino acids from the N-terminus to the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain.

The process where the ribosome assembles on the mRNA, with the help of initiation factors, and positions the initiator tRNA at the start codon (AUG).

A specific sequence on the mRNA that helps the small ribosomal subunit bind and position itself correctly for translation initiation.

A special tRNA that carries the amino acid formylmethionine (fMet) and binds to the start codon AUG.

The stage where the ribosome moves along the mRNA, reading codons and linking amino acids together to create a polypeptide chain.

The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by the large ribosomal subunit where the polypeptide chain is transferred from the tRNA in the P site to the tRNA in the A site, forming a peptide bond between the amino acids.

The large ribosomal subunit contains the peptidyl transferase center, which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during the elongation stage of translation.

A protein factor that binds to incoming aminoacyl tRNA molecules and delivers them to the ribosome, aiding in codon recognition during translation elongation.

A protein factor that promotes the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA strand by one codon, facilitating the translocation step in translation.

A catalytic site within the large ribosomal subunit where the aminoacyl tRNA in the A site joins the growing polypeptide chain by transferring the peptide from the P site tRNA to the A site tRNA.

A three-nucleotide sequence (UAA, UAG, or UGA) in mRNA that signals the termination of protein synthesis.

A protein that binds to the ribosome and recognizes a STOP codon, triggering the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain from the tRNA.

Multiple ribosomes bound together by messenger RNA, allowing for the efficient production of multiple copies of the same protein.

The simultaneous processes of transcription and translation, occurring in prokaryotes, where mRNA is translated directly as it is being transcribed.

A protein factor that helps EF-Tu regain its active GTP conformation after hydrolyzing GTP during tRNA delivery.

In bacteria, transcription and translation happen simultaneously, as the mRNA is being synthesized, ribosomes bind and begin protein synthesis.

Coupling these processes in bacteria increases the efficiency of protein production, as there's no delay between making mRNA and translating it into protein.

The process by which newly synthesized proteins are delivered to their correct locations within the cell.

SecA protein is a key component of bacterial protein targeting. It helps 'push' proteins through the membrane using energy from ATP hydrolysis.

In bacteria, SRP is a ribonucleoprotein complex that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the plasma membrane.

Short hydrophobic sequence at the N-terminus of proteins destined for secretion, recognized by the Sec machinery.

SRP binds to nascent polypeptides with signal sequences and delivers the ribosome to the SRP receptor on the membrane.