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Questions and Answers
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for ventilation and gas exchange?
What is the main mode of exposure for toxic gases?
What is the main mechanism of toxicity for chemical asphyxiants?
Which toxic gas is described as odorless, colorless, and nonirritating?
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Which part of the body can be affected by toxic gases through local dermal or mucous membrane contact?
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Which category of toxic gases alters the O2-carrying capacity of hemoglobin?
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What is the normal range of adult blood CO levels?
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Which gas is a majority source of carbon monoxide when ingested?
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What is the main mediator of CO toxicity?
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How does CO affect cellular function?
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What determines the degree of binding of CO to Hb?
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What COHb levels are considered potentially harmful in nonsmokers and smokers?
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What is the half-life of COHb?
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$COHb = RMV \times [CO] \times time$. If RMV is 6 L/min, [CO] is 40% and time is 2 hours, what is the COHb level?
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What is the mechanism by which CO affects cellular function?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System and Toxic Gases
- The respiratory system is responsible for ventilation and gas exchange.
Exposure to Toxic Gases
- The main mode of exposure to toxic gases is through inhalation.
Mechanism of Toxicity for Chemical Asphyxiants
- The main mechanism of toxicity for chemical asphyxiants is the inhibition of cellular respiration.
Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- CO is a toxic gas that is odorless, colorless, and nonirritating.
Effects of Toxic Gases on the Body
- Toxic gases can affect the skin and mucous membranes through local dermal or mucous membrane contact.
Category of Toxic Gases Affecting Hemoglobin
- The category of toxic gases that alters the O2-carrying capacity of hemoglobin is chemical asphyxiants.
Normal Range of Adult Blood CO Levels
- The normal range of adult blood CO levels is 0-8 ppm.
Sources of Carbon Monoxide
- A majority source of carbon monoxide is the ingestion of methylene chloride.
Mechanism of CO Toxicity
- The main mediator of CO toxicity is the binding of CO to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb).
Effects of CO on Cellular Function
- CO affects cellular function by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.
Factors Affecting CO Binding to Hb
- The degree of binding of CO to Hb is determined by the respiratory minute volume (RMV), CO concentration, and time of exposure.
COHb Levels and Health Risks
- COHb levels above 10% are considered potentially harmful in nonsmokers, while levels above 15% are considered harmful in smokers.
Half-Life of COHb
- The half-life of COHb is approximately 5 hours.
Calculating COHb Levels
- COHb levels can be calculated using the formula: COHb = RMV × [CO] × time.
Example Calculation
- If RMV is 6 L/min, [CO] is 40%, and time is 2 hours, the COHb level would be approximately 40%.
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Description
Learn about the classification of toxic gases including chemical asphyxiants, pulmonary irritants, and more. Explore the routes of exposure such as oral ingestion and dermal contact. Understand the composition of the respiratory system, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
