Tourism Impact Models Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of these stages is NOT part of Doxey's Iridex?

Rejuvenation (correct)

Apathy

Annoyance

Euphoria

In which stage of Butler's Tourist Area Life Cycle do tourist numbers peak?

Stagnation

Exploration

Development

Consolidation (correct)

What is the final stage in Butler's Tourist Area Life Cycle?

Decline

In Dugan's Model, acceptance means tourists fully adopt the local customs.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does Embracement involve in Ap and Crompton's Model?

Active participation in local festivals and celebrations Signup and view all the answers

Which model focuses on the cost-benefit analysis shaping attitudes towards tourism?

McGehee and Andereck's Model Signup and view all the answers

The initial excitement about tourism in Doxey's Iridex is referred to as ______.

Euphoria Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of understanding models of attitude in tourism?

To comprehend the relationship between tourism and local communities Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are key requirements for setting up a travel agency? (Select all that apply)

Office space and systems Signup and view all the answers

IATA accreditation is mandatory for all travel agencies.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges in travel operations?

Increasing DIY travel and price transparency Signup and view all the answers

The first step in the tour operations cycle is ______.

Tour Planning Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered during the itinerary development?

Client profiles and cost-effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following meal plans includes breakfast, lunch, and dinner?

Full-board Signup and view all the answers

What are some basic travel components of a tour package?

Transportation, meal plans, accommodations, sightseeing tours, and tour guide services Signup and view all the answers

A tour package's duration is defined by the number of ______ included.

days/nights Signup and view all the answers

It is important to negotiate contracts with service suppliers when creating a tour package.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Doxey's Iridex

This model suggests that attitudes of residents towards tourism change over time as tourism grows, moving through stages.
Initial excitement and enthusiasm about possibilities is replaced by indifference when tourism becomes common.
Tourism's negative impacts become more evident, leading to irritation and frustration.
Strong negative feelings and protests against tourism develop.

Butler's Tourist Area Life Cycle

This model focuses on the stages of a tourist destination's development.
A small number of tourists visit an untouched area.
More tourists arrive as local residents cater to their needs.
Tourism infrastructure grows rapidly, making the area more popular.
Tourism peaks, becoming highly commercialized, resulting in a slowdown in growth with declining visitor numbers.
New attractions and marketing strategies can revive the destination.
The destination loses its appeal and experiences a decline in tourism.

Dugan's Model

This model focuses on how tourists adapt to new cultures.
Initially, tourists resist adapting, preferring familiar customs.
They acknowledge cultural differences but still prefer their own culture.
Tourists become open to experiencing local activities while still maintaining their own habits.
Tourists fully embrace the local culture by learning the language and actively participating in local traditions.

Ap and Crompton's Model

This model focuses on interactions between tourists and locals from the same culture.
Tourists engage in local festivals, dance, and celebrations with locals.
Tourists respect local customs without fully adopting them.
Tourists attempt to communicate with locals by learning basic phrases.
Tourists avoid interacting with locals, preferring to stay within their own group.

McGehee and Andereck's Model

This model emphasizes the importance of cost-benefit analysis in shaping attitudes towards tourism.
Individuals' perceptions of the costs and benefits associated with tourism influence their attitudes.

Infrastructure and Financial Needs

A travel agency needs office space, computer systems, furniture, and starting capital.
Key systems include Amadeus, Galileo, and Sabre.
A strategic location is crucial, such as a marketplace or near business hubs.

Accreditation and Registration

IATA accreditation provides international recognition.
The Department of Tourism (DOT) accreditation is required with business permits.
The DTI/SEC registration is also necessary.
Other agencies include the DTI, DOLE, BIR, BI, SSS, SEC, LGU, HDMF, and PhilHealth.

Acknowledgment from Suppliers

Agreements with airlines, hotels, and other travel suppliers are essential to ensure service authenticity.

Challenges in Travel Operations

Increasing DIY travel and price transparency present challenges to traditional travel agencies.
Decreasing customer loyalty, mergers, and market dominance by a few companies add complexity.
Widespread availability of information online impacts customer behaviour.

Tour Operations Cycle

Tour Planning:
- Objectives should include customer satisfaction, destination promotion, and profit.
- Destination-oriented objectives and corporate goals should be considered.
Itinerary development:
- Destinations and activities should be identified based on client profiles.
- Suppliers need to be chosen and transportation planned cost-effectively.
Contracting Rates:
- Negotiate discounted rates with suppliers for better pricing.
Costing & Pricing:
- Determine the cost of the tour package based on services, activities, and the number of travellers.
Reservations & Confirmations:
- Secure bookings for accommodation and transportation.
Field Operations:
- Execute the planned itinerary, ensuring smooth travel experiences from arrival to departure.
Billings & Accounting:
- Manage invoices, payments, and supplier settlements.
Evaluation:
- Assess the success of the tour in terms of client satisfaction and operational performance.

Important Considerations

Client Profile:
- Tailor the tour package to client age, preferences, and travel needs.
Duration:
- Adjust duration based on client type (e.g., seniors prefer shorter trips).
Meal Plans & Sightseeing:
- Align with the destination's offerings.
Transportation & Ancillary Services:
- Include accessibility options like wheelchairs for elderly clients.
Tour Guides & Escort Services:
- Essential for foreign clients.

Basic Travel Components of a Tour Package

Transportation:
- Air, sea, or land travel, including scheduled airlines, air taxis, dive cruises, buses, trains, and car rentals.
Meal plans:
- Full-board (American Plan): Breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
- Half-board: Breakfast and one other meal.
- Bed-and-breakfast: Only breakfast included.
- European Plan: No meals included.
Accommodations:
- Hotels, resorts, and other lodging establishments (e.g., Manila Hotel, Shangri-La Resorts).
Sightseeing Tours:
- Organized trips to points of interest including evening tours, full-day or half-day tours, hop-on/hop-off tours, and private tours.
Tour Coordinator & Guide Services:
- Tour coordinators manage the group from start to finish.
- Tour guides assist during sightseeing and transfer services.

Steps to Create a Tour Package

Identify Target Clients:
- For example, families, employees, or students.
Match Services with Clients:
- Partner with suppliers (hotels, transport providers, etc.) that suit client needs.
Negotiate Contracts:
- Secure favorable rates with service suppliers.
Draft the Tour Package:
- Include the title, duration, travel dates, package inclusions, and costs.
- Example: "3DAYS/2NIGHTS Ilocos Getaway Package."
Competitive Pricing:
- Compare your package pricing with competitors and adjust accordingly.

Tour Package Variables

Duration:
- Number of days/nights included (e.g., 3 days, 2 nights).
Destination:
- Single or multiple destinations (e.g., Ilocos, Vigan).
Accommodation Category:
- Ranges from 1-star (budget) to 5-star (luxury).
Transportation Mode and Class:
- Air, sea, or land with various classes (economy, business, and first class).

Sample Tour Package

Target Clients: Call Center Employees.
Title: 3DAYS/2NIGHTS ILOCOS GETAWAY PACKAGE.
Rate: PHP 5,800 (12 pax minimum).
Inclusions: Transportation (air, bus), accommodation, meals, sightseeing tours, and tour guide services.

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Description

Explore the key theories surrounding the impact of tourism on destinations, including Doxey's Iridex and Butler's Tourist Area Life Cycle. Understand how resident attitudes and destination appeal evolve as tourism develops. This quiz delves into the stages of tourism growth and its effects on local communities.