T1 L21: The immunology of COVID-19 (FK)
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Which of the following is true about bats and their ability to fight coronaviruses?

  • Bats have a lower body temperature than humans
  • Bats have a mutation in STING that makes them produce more interferon
  • Bats have a mutation in STING that makes them produce less interferon (correct)
  • Bats have a higher body temperature than humans

    • What is the size of the SARS-CoV-2 genome?

  • 230kb
  • 30kb (correct)
  • Not mentioned in the text
  • 9.2kb

    • Which protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for blocking entry into host cells?

  • Envelope protein
  • Nucleocapsid protein
  • Membrane protein
  • Spike glycoprotein (correct)

    • What is the estimated efficacy of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in preventing reinfection?

    <p>88%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated risk of reinfection for individuals seropositive for anti-spike antibodies at baseline?

    <p>0.13 per 10,000 days at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating vaccine efficacy (VE)?

    <p>VE = 1 - (IRvaccinated/IRnon-vaccinated)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity may be deficient in patients with a severe clinical course of COVID-19?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity alone may be able to clear the virus in asymptomatic cases of COVID-19?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the particular role of the spike protein in SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Inducing B and T-cell responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic difference between RNA, DNA, and conventional vaccines?

    <p>The type of genetic material used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why viral mutants could affect immunity and vaccine success?

    <p>Cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic epidemiological concepts mentioned in the text?

    <p>Incidence risk ratio and efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which type of vaccine contains a weakened version of a chimpanzee common cold adenovirus?

    <p>Oxford/Astra Zeneca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which group of individuals may have reduced innate and adaptive immunity due to age-related factors?

    <p>Elderly individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which type of T-cells may be critical in preventing severe disease even if antibodies fail to prevent infection or cell-to-cell spread?

    <p>Memory T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which term is used to describe persistent symptoms beyond 12 weeks from acute disease?

    <p>Long COVID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which disease is associated with strongly glycosylated Ig that are more pro-inflammatory?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which type of immunity may represent immunological risk factors for fatal COVID-19 outcome in individuals with underlying diseases?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does SARS-CoV-2 belong to?

    <p>Orthocoronaviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sub-genus of SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Sarbecovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues are important target tissues for SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Lung, Vasculature, Gut, CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry?

    <p>Angiotensin converting enzyme 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular compartment does SARS-CoV-2 replication and gene expression occur?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus shares the highest genetic similarity with SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>SARS-CoV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>The Spike protein is responsible for viral entry into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of conventional CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the immune response?

    <p>Conventional T-cells coordinate the immune response and kill infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is testing all potential antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV-2 costly and labor-intensive?

    <p>SARS-CoV-2 provides a multitude of potentially recognized peptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal trend for T-cell responses over time?

    <p>T-cell responses contract over time, similar to antibody responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential role of the gut epithelium in SARS-CoV-2 infection?

    <p>The gut epithelium may act as a reservoir for the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the decline of neutralizing antibody titres over time allow for?

    <p>The estimate of the duration of protection if the levels required for protection are known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is referred to as M in the text?

    <p>Membrane protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is the main receptor for spike protein?

    <p>ACE2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most important proteins in SARS-CoV-2 mentioned in the text?

    <p>Spike and membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main target tissues for SARS-CoV-2 mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lung and vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main topic of the lecture?

    <p>Immunology and antiviral immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there still interest in studying COVID-19?

    <p>To learn from the pandemic and apply it to other viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speaker's approach to simplifying complicated topics?

    <p>Make things as simple as possible, but not simpler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speaker's goal for the audience?

    <p>To take something useful home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary target for antibodies in the vaccine?

    <p>Spike protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein of SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to elicit an immune response in a larger population?

    <p>Spike protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Directly kill virus-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the spike protein was chosen as the target for the vaccine?

    <p>It offers a large number of targets for T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viruses are part of the Betacoronavirus family and also cause the common cold?

    <p>H Cov Ozone 43 and H cough and 63</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viruses are closely related to SARS-CoV-2, Sars-cov one, and Mers-cov and all cause the common cold?

    <p>H Cov Ozone 43 and H cough and 63</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of common colds are explained by the four h covs mentioned in the text?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viruses are part of the Betacoronavirus family and also cause common colds?

    <p>H Cov Ozone 43 and HQ one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is considered to have an element of memory, although not as long-lasting as immunological memory?

    <p>Trained immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process by which infection or vaccination changes the level of gene regulation in a cell?

    <p>Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is characterized by tolerance, limitation of tissue damage, innate immunity maturation, and non-specific protection?

    <p>Innate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of using the BCG vaccination to protect against COVID-19?

    <p>Enhanced innate immune defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is potentially associated with hyper inflammation and atherosclerosis?

    <p>Innate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of immune response failure due to excessive inflammation?

    <p>Decreased protection against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept being extensively researched in relation to immune system training?

    <p>Trained immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What events can stimulate the same innate immune cells that protect us from infections?

    <p>Vaccination and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of immune system paralysis?

    <p>Decreased immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of research on trained immunity?

    <p>Understanding genetic programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the body temperature of bats?

    <p>Bats have a body temperature of 39 degrees Celsius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the SARS-CoV-2 genome?

    <p>The SARS-CoV-2 genome has about 9000 amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of a T-cell epitope for a class one presented peptide?

    <p>The length of a T-cell epitope is 9 amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spike protein in SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>The spike protein is responsible for T-cell responses and antibody responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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