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Questions and Answers
Which type of synapse allows synchronised electrical activity among populations of neurons?
Which type of synapse allows synchronised electrical activity among populations of neurons?
- Chemical synapse at the neuromuscular junction
- Electrical synapse (correct)
- Chemical synapse in the CNS
- Passive synapse
What is the function of glia in synaptic transmission and function?
What is the function of glia in synaptic transmission and function?
- Storage of neurotransmitters
- Synthesis of neurotransmitters
- Release of neurotransmitters
- Regulation of synaptic connectivity (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a component of a chemical synapse?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a chemical synapse?
- Postsynaptic membrane
- Electrical synapse (correct)
- Neurotransmitter
- Synaptic vesicles
What is the mechanism of action of Botox and Tetanus toxins?
What is the mechanism of action of Botox and Tetanus toxins?
What is the concept of the tripartite synapse?
What is the concept of the tripartite synapse?
What are the locations of chemical signals and synapses mentioned in the text?
What are the locations of chemical signals and synapses mentioned in the text?
What are the neurotransmitters involved in chemical synaptic transmission?
What are the neurotransmitters involved in chemical synaptic transmission?
What are the functions of neurotransmitters mentioned in the text?
What are the functions of neurotransmitters mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is true about glial cells?
Which of the following is true about glial cells?
What is the role of synaptic communication in the nervous system?
What is the role of synaptic communication in the nervous system?
Which cells does the tetanus toxin inhibit the release of neurotransmitters from?
Which cells does the tetanus toxin inhibit the release of neurotransmitters from?
Which of the following diseases is NOT linked with glial cells?
Which of the following diseases is NOT linked with glial cells?
What is the main function of glial cells?
What is the main function of glial cells?
Which of the following is true about synaptic transmission?
Which of the following is true about synaptic transmission?
What is the role of glial cells in CNS regeneration potential?
What is the role of glial cells in CNS regeneration potential?
Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as being linked with aberrant synaptic stripping?
Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as being linked with aberrant synaptic stripping?
What is the importance of turning signals off during synaptic communication?
What is the importance of turning signals off during synaptic communication?
Which of the following criteria define a neurotransmitter?
Which of the following criteria define a neurotransmitter?
Which of the following is true about the actions of Botulinum toxin (Botox) and Tetanus toxin (TeTX)?
Which of the following is true about the actions of Botulinum toxin (Botox) and Tetanus toxin (TeTX)?
Which of the following is responsible for loading vesicles with H+ to make them acidic?
Which of the following is responsible for loading vesicles with H+ to make them acidic?
Which of the following is true about glia?
Which of the following is true about glia?
What is the role of calcium in synaptic vesicle release?
What is the role of calcium in synaptic vesicle release?
Where does neurotransmitter release occur?
Where does neurotransmitter release occur?
What is the purpose of endocytosis in synaptic vesicle release and recycling?
What is the purpose of endocytosis in synaptic vesicle release and recycling?
What is the role of synapsin in synaptic vesicle release and recycling?
What is the role of synapsin in synaptic vesicle release and recycling?
What is the main function of the tri-partite synapse?
What is the main function of the tri-partite synapse?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
What is the advantage of electrical synapses compared to chemical synapses?
What is the advantage of electrical synapses compared to chemical synapses?
Which type of synapse allows synchronized electrical activity among populations of neurons?
Which type of synapse allows synchronized electrical activity among populations of neurons?
What is the main focus of the next lecture?
What is the main focus of the next lecture?
What is the advantage of electrical synapses compared to chemical synapses?
What is the advantage of electrical synapses compared to chemical synapses?
When are electrical synapses most common?
When are electrical synapses most common?
What do drugs used in medicine act on?
What do drugs used in medicine act on?
What is the function of synaptic communication in the nervous system?
What is the function of synaptic communication in the nervous system?
Which protein keeps the vesicles tethered to the plasma membrane?
Which protein keeps the vesicles tethered to the plasma membrane?
What happens to the vesicles in the recycling phase?
What happens to the vesicles in the recycling phase?
What is the role of glial cells in synaptic transmission?
What is the role of glial cells in synaptic transmission?
What is the function of the voltage-gated calcium channels?
What is the function of the voltage-gated calcium channels?
What is the role of Botox in neuromuscular junctions?
What is the role of Botox in neuromuscular junctions?
What is the consequence of tetanus toxin inhibiting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
What is the consequence of tetanus toxin inhibiting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
What can happen if the snare proteins on the presynaptic terminal are attacked by toxins like Botox and tetanus?
What can happen if the snare proteins on the presynaptic terminal are attacked by toxins like Botox and tetanus?
What is the consequence of impaired vesicle recycling in genetic illnesses like congenital myasthenia syndromes?
What is the consequence of impaired vesicle recycling in genetic illnesses like congenital myasthenia syndromes?
What is the role of calcium ions in synaptic transmission?
What is the role of calcium ions in synaptic transmission?
What is the main function of neuromodulators in synaptic transmission?
What is the main function of neuromodulators in synaptic transmission?
What are the criteria for defining a neurotransmitter?
What are the criteria for defining a neurotransmitter?
What happens to neurotransmitter after it has served its purpose in synaptic transmission?
What happens to neurotransmitter after it has served its purpose in synaptic transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a chemical synapse?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a chemical synapse?
What is the role of the synaptic cleft?
What is the role of the synaptic cleft?
What is the main difference between the postsynaptic density and the motor end plate?
What is the main difference between the postsynaptic density and the motor end plate?
Which of the following is true about the study of the neuromuscular junction?
Which of the following is true about the study of the neuromuscular junction?
Which of the following is NOT a function of transporters in synaptic transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a function of transporters in synaptic transmission?
What is the role of proton gradient in loading GABA into vesicles?
What is the role of proton gradient in loading GABA into vesicles?
What molecules can be transported by the transporters mentioned in the text?
What molecules can be transported by the transporters mentioned in the text?
What is the site of action for drugs that can affect synaptic transmission?
What is the site of action for drugs that can affect synaptic transmission?
What powers the loading of GABA molecules into vesicles?
What powers the loading of GABA molecules into vesicles?
What is the function of transporters in synaptic transmission?
What is the function of transporters in synaptic transmission?
What is NOT a criteria that defines a neurotransmitter?
What is NOT a criteria that defines a neurotransmitter?
What is NOT a disease mechanism that affects the presynaptic terminal?
What is NOT a disease mechanism that affects the presynaptic terminal?
What kind of transporters are powered by proton gradient ATPase proton pump loads up vesicles with H+ making vesicles acidic (pH5.5) compared to neutral pH of cytoplasm (pH7.2)e.g. 1 glutamate traded for 1 H+ (counter-transport mechanism)
What kind of transporters are powered by proton gradient ATPase proton pump loads up vesicles with H+ making vesicles acidic (pH5.5) compared to neutral pH of cytoplasm (pH7.2)e.g. 1 glutamate traded for 1 H+ (counter-transport mechanism)
What kind of transporters are powered by electrochemical gradient[Na+] higher outside / [K+] higher inside Glutamate co-transported with 2 Na+
What kind of transporters are powered by electrochemical gradient[Na+] higher outside / [K+] higher inside Glutamate co-transported with 2 Na+
The tetanus toxin inhibits the release of neurotransmitters of which cells?
Select the single best answer from the list below.
The tetanus toxin inhibits the release of neurotransmitters of which cells? Select the single best answer from the list below.
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Study Notes
Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
- Synaptic transmission is the process by which information is passed from one neuron to another or to an effector organ, such as muscles and glands, at chemical synapses.
- There are three general categories of synapses: chemical synapses, electrical synapses, and tripartite synapses.
- Chemical synapses are the majority in the central nervous system (CNS) and involve the release of neurotransmitters.
- Chemical synapses can be classified based on their location, such as axodendritic, axosomatic, and axoaxonic synapses.
- The structure of a chemical synapse includes the presynaptic terminal, synaptic vesicles, active zone, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane.
- At the neuromuscular junction, an action potential reaching the presynaptic terminal triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and initiate a response.
- Neurotransmitters are synthesized in neurons, present in presynaptic terminals, and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
- Botox and Tetanus toxins are examples of toxins that affect neurotransmitter release, causing muscle relaxation or permanent muscle contraction, respectively.
- Glia, or glial cells, play a crucial role in regulating synaptic connectivity and have various functions in synaptic transmission.
- Synaptic transmission relies on the release, recovery, and degradation of neurotransmitters, which are transported by membrane transporters.
- Glia also have involvement in diseases such as brain cancer, HIV-induced dementia, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases.
- Understanding synaptic transmission and neurotransmitters is important for understanding how neurons communicate and for the development of drugs that target synapses.
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