Thyroid Disorders Overview
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Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormones in adults?

  • Growth and development. (correct)
  • Metabolic stability.
  • Regulation of body temperature.
  • Control of heart rate and blood pressure.

    • What are the types of cells found in the thyroid gland?

  • Follicular cells and parafollicular cells. (correct)
  • Chief cells and parietal cells.
  • Epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.
  • Alpha cells and beta cells.

    • What are the two main hormones produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland?

  • Insulin and glucagon.
  • Cortisol and aldosterone.
  • Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (correct)
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

    • Which of the following is TRUE about the thyroid gland?

    <p>It is located in the neck region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides thyroid hormones, what other hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

    <p>Calcitonin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Graves' disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of secondary hypothyroidism?

    <p>Amiodarone medication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Excess of T4 and T3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential treatment for hypothyroidism?

    <p>Levothyroxine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious complication of untreated hypothyroidism?

    <p>Myxedema Coma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible cause of medication-induced hypothyroidism?

    <p>Lithium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what population is hyperthyroidism more common?

    <p>Females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a tumor in the thyroid gland that produces thyroid hormone independently of TSH control?

    <p>Toxic adenoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

    <p>T4 is a precursor to T3, which is the more potent form of the thyroid hormone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of T3 in the body?

    <p>Peripheral conversion from T4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thyroid hormone has a longer plasma half-life?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coupling of two iodinated tyrosine molecules forms which thyroid hormone?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thyroid peroxidase in thyroid hormone biosynthesis?

    <p>It couples iodinated tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does T4 and T3 reach circulation?

    <p>They are released from thyroglobulin through proteolysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the percentage of T4 and T3 bound to proteins in plasma?

    <p>T3 is 99.96% bound, while T4 is 99.6% bound. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis?

    <p>Binding to thyroid-binding globulin in the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a precursor to both T3 and T4?

    <p>Diiodotyrosine (DIT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is responsible for the regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate and specific test available for thyroid function?

    <p>TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of TSH in the regulation of thyroid hormone production?

    <p>Stimulating the release of T4 and T3 from the thyroid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common cause of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the thyroid gland regulate the production of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Through a negative feedback loop involving TSH and TRH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is TRUE regarding the incidence of hypothyroidism?

    <p>It is more common in women than men (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thyroglobulin in thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>It serves as a storage protein for thyroid hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of hypothyroidism due to medical intervention?

    <p>Thyroid surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of thyroid peroxidase?

    <p>It is an enzyme involved in the oxidation and iodination of tyrosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests is primarily used to monitor hyperthyroidism treatment?

    <p>Free T4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an autoimmune disorder that can lead to hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of goiters worldwide?

    <p>Iodine deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for thyroid storm?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypothyroidism affect physiological processes?

    <p>It makes them slower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of thyroid storm?

    <p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyroid hormone?

    <p>Regulating cellular metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism involves an overactive thyroid while hypothyroidism involves an underactive thyroid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these drugs is NOT used to treat thyroid storm?

    <p>Methotrexate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can goiter be diagnosed?

    <p>A combination of inspection, palpation, and ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thyroid Disorders Overview

    • Thyroid disorders affect many bodily functions, impacting growth and development in children and metabolic stability in adults.
    • This presentation covers thyroid physiology, pathophysiology, complications, lab values, common etiologies (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism), and associated symptoms.

    Thyroid Gland Anatomy and Physiology

    • The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland, crucial for hormone production.
    • It comprises follicular cells producing thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and parafollicular cells producing calcitonin.
    • Thyroid hormones are essential for metabolism, growth, and development.

    Thyroid Hormones

    • Thyroxine (T4) is less potent, with a 7-day half-life in the plasma.
    • Triiodothyronine (T3) is 4 times more potent, with a 1.5-day half-life in the plasma.
    • T3 is primarily derived from peripheral conversion of T4.
    • Almost all T3 and T4 are bound to proteins in the blood.

    Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis

    • Thyroid hormone synthesis involves six steps:
      • Synthesis of thyroglobulin
      • Iodide uptake and concentration
      • Oxidation of iodide to iodine
      • lodination of thyroglobulin
      • Coupling of iodinated tyrosine molecules to form T3 and T4
      • Secretion of T3 and T4

    Thyroid Hormone Regulation

    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) tightly regulates thyroid hormone release.
    • Negative feedback: Increased free T4 inhibits TSH and TRH secretion, reducing T4 production.

    Thyroid Function Tests

    • TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is the gold standard for screening and diagnosis of thyroid disorders.
    • Free T4 is measured to assess thyroid function alongside TSH.
    • Free T3 is less commonly used, primarily to confirm a diagnosis in specific situations.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Hypothyroidism, a common disorder, results from insufficient thyroid hormone production.
    • It's more common in women than men and incidence increases with age.
    • Common causes include Hashimoto's disease, iodine deficiency, and certain medications.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, intolerance to cold, and constipation.
    • Myxedema coma is a severe complication of untreated hypothyroidism that is a life-threatening medical emergency.

    Hyperthyroidism

    • Hyperthyroidism is less common than hypothyroidism; it involves excessive thyroid hormone production.
    • More common in women, smokers.
    • Common causes include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, and thyroid cancer.
    • Symptoms include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremor, and anxiety-like symptoms.
    • Thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis) is a life-threatening state associated with hyperthyroidism.

    Goiters

    • Goiters represent an enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency.
    • This can lead to thyrotoxicosis, where the large goiter produces excess thyroid hormone.

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    Thyroid Disorders PDF January 2025

    Description

    This quiz explores the complexities of thyroid disorders, including their effects on growth, metabolism, and overall bodily function. It covers thyroid physiology, pathophysiology, lab values, and common conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and hormones of the thyroid gland and their significance.

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