Week 1 physiology Lecture PP
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the deiodinase enzyme in the thyroid hormone synthesis process?

  • To iodinate tyrosine residues
  • To synthesize thyroglobulin
  • To convert T4 to T3 (correct)
  • To secrete thyroid hormones

    • What is the significance of iodine in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

  • It is incorporated into the structure of thyroid hormones (correct)
  • It is necessary for the conversion of T4 to T3
  • It is necessary for the storage of thyroid hormones
  • It is necessary for the synthesis of thyroglobulin

    • Where is thyroglobulin synthesized in the thyroid follicular cells?

  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes
  • Cytosol and peroxisomes
  • Nucleus and mitochondria
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus (correct)

    • What is the ratio of T4 to T3 produced by the thyroid gland?

    <p>9:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of storing thyroid hormones in the follicular lumen?

    <p>To store thyroid hormones until they are needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which thyroid hormones regulate protein synthesis in target cells?

    <p>By increasing the transcription of specific genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily requirement of iodine in the form of iodides to form normal quantities of thyroxine?

    <p>1 milligram per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of dietary iodide?

    <p>Fish, seafood, and seaweed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ionic state of iodine?

    <p>Iodide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of thyroid hormone action on target cells?

    <p>A generalized increase in functional activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the rate of iodide trapping by the thyroid gland?

    <p>Concentration of TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under conditions of severe dietary iodide deficiency, what is the ultimate effect on thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>Decreased synthesis of T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of deiodinase enzymes in thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>To convert T4 into T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about propylthiouracil (PTU) is true?

    <p>PTU inhibits the activity of deiodinase enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal concentration ratio of iodide in the thyroid gland compared to the blood?

    <p>30 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary constituent of colloid in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the thyroid gland are responsible for synthesizing and secreting thyroid hormones?

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the body?

    <p>They affect virtually every organ system in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of C cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>To regulate plasma calcium ion concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the thyroid gland composed of?

    <p>A large number of follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulator of thyroid hormone secretion?

    <p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSH on the thyroid gland?

    <p>Increased activity of the iodide pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the hypothalamic-pituitary negative feedback control system?

    <p>Inhibits TSH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of thyroid hormones in terms of their structure and action?

    <p>Peptide hormones with steroid-like actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

    <p>Stimulates TSH secretion from the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elevated TSH levels on thyroid follicular cells?

    <p>Hypertrophy and hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary manifestation of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Lethargy and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) on thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>Inhibits the interaction between iodine and peroxidase with thyroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyroid hormone in the body?

    <p>Regulation of body metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothyroidism on the body?

    <p>Slowing of mental and physical performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on bone formation?

    <p>Stimulate bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thyroid hormones affect carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Stimulate glucose uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on fat metabolism?

    <p>Stimulate lipid mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on plasma cholesterol levels?

    <p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to plasma cholesterol levels in hypothyroidism?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on oxygen consumption?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thyroid hormones affect cardiovascular and respiratory systems?

    <p>Increase blood flow and oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on liver fats?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on nutrient metabolism?

    <p>Increase metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on bone formation?

    <p>They act synergistically with growth hormone and somatomedins to promote bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>They increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on cellular metabolic activity?

    <p>They increase glucose uptake and glycolysis in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on metabolic rate and energy production?

    <p>They increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) and energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentration of free fatty acids in the plasma in response to thyroid hormones?

    <p>It increases significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on oxygen consumption in the tissues?

    <p>They increase oxygen consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on skeletal muscle?

    <p>Reacts with vigor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulator of thyroid hormone secretion in the hypothalamic-pituitary negative feedback control system?

    <p>Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on the metabolic rate?

    <p>Greatly accelerated rate of utilization of foods for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on heart rate and cardiac output?

    <p>Increases heart rate and cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on mitochondria?

    <p>Increased number and activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which thyroid hormones stimulate cellular metabolic activity?

    <p>Stimulating energy metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thyroid hormones affect the transport of ions through cell membranes?

    <p>Increase the transport of sodium and potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate?

    <p>Increases basal metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on protein synthesis and catabolism?

    <p>Increased protein synthesis and catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on growth and development prior to adulthood?

    <p>Stimulates bone growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action of thyroid hormones after injection of a large quantity of thyroxine?

    <p>Delayed onset, maximum effect in 10-12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of thyroid hormones?

    <p>About 15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where hormones synthesized by hypothalamus are released into?

    <p>Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Produces oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of anterior pituitary hormones?

    <p>Are peptides or polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the negative feedback control in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>Decreases the production of anterior pituitary hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of the pituitary gland composed of nervous tissue?

    <p>¼</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>Transport hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxytocin in the context of lactation?

    <p>Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction in the breast to cause ejection of milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>To deliver hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Stimulation of growth hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Inhibition of prolactin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>Stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in terms of maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Maintaining chemical constancy and temperature of the internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the extracellular fluid environment that surrounds the cells and tissues?

    <p>Internal Mileau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Hypothalamohypophyseal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Supraoptic nuclei (SON)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in terms of emotional and instinctual behavior?

    <p>Regulating emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the regulation of body temperature by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Regulating growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the physiological process of maintaining protective stability for the tissues and organs?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus-pituitary complex?

    <p>To regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones from other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

    <p>Through both neural and hormonal mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

    <p>They regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones from other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>To regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones from other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hypothalamic neuropeptides reach the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus-pituitary complex in the endocrine system?

    <p>To regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones from other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hypothalamus receiving neural inputs from many areas of the brain?

    <p>It allows for the integration of various neural signals to regulate hormone synthesis and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus-pituitary complex in the endocrine system?

    <p>To regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland?

    <p>Through both neural and hormonal mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of releasing hormones in the hypothalamus-pituitary complex?

    <p>To stimulate the synthesis of hormones in other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the anatomic connections between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

    <p>They enable the hypothalamus to control the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transport of hypothalamic neuropeptides to the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Through the neural connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the endocrine system?

    <p>It regulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the hypothalamus receives information from other parts of the brain?

    <p>Through the neural connections between the hypothalamus and other parts of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Maintaining the chemical constancy and temperature of the internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamic-pituitary complex in the regulation of the endocrine system?

    <p>To regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the extra-cellular fluid environment, interstitial fluid, and its physiological capacity to ensure protective stability for the tissues and organs of multicellular organisms?

    <p>Internal Mileau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei in the hypothalamus produce oxytocin?

    <p>Paraventricular nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

    <p>Releasing antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Storing and releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Producing hormones that regulate growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating body rhythms?

    <p>Regulating sleep and wake patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collection of nerve axons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Neurohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in regulating emotional and instinctual behavior?

    <p>Regulating emotional and instinctual behavior through the limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique characteristic of cells in the anterior pituitary gland that receive high concentrations of hypothalamic hormones?

    <p>They are directly connected to the hypothalamus through the hypophyseal portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) in the hypothalamus?

    <p>To synthesize and release oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is synthesized by the somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of control for the anterior pituitary hormones?

    <p>Negative feedback control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the hormones synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>They are all peptides or polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>To transport hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>To synthesize and release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>To synthesize and release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>To synthesize and release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxytocin in the uterus during delivery?

    <p>To stimulate uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

    <p>It decreases urine output and increases fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hypophysiotropic hormones?

    <p>To regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>It transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>It allows the hypothalamic hormones to be delivered to the anterior pituitary directly and in high concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on blood vessels?

    <p>It causes vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)?

    <p>It regulates the release of growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somatostatin?

    <p>It inhibits the release of growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)?

    <p>It regulates the release of prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thyroid Disorders and Treatments

    • Propylthiouracil (PTU): Inhibits iodine and peroxidase from forming thyroid hormones T4 and T3; used in hyperthyroidism management.
    • Treatment options for exophthalmos: Include surgery, radiation therapy, beta-blockers, and the use of PTU.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Defined as the insufficient production of thyroid hormone, resulting in a slow metabolism.
    • Common symptoms include:
      • Lethargy and fatigue
      • Cold intolerance
      • Weight gain and increased BMI
      • Decreased appetite
      • Mental and physical performance decline
      • Depression and muscle cramps
      • Constipation, brittle nails, thinning hair, and goiter (enlarged thyroid)

    Thyroid Gland and Hormones

    • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and increases blood flow; promotes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid cells.
    • Thyroglobulin (TG): A glycoprotein synthesized in thyroid cells, storing iodine and precursors for T4 and T3 production.

    Thyroid Hormones

    • Types: Triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) with T4 being the predominant form (93%).
    • T3 is four times more potent than T4; it is the active form converted from T4 via the enzyme deiodinase.
    • Action: Thyroid hormones increase transcription in target cells, boosting metabolism, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity.

    Iodine and Hormone Synthesis

    • Iodine Requirement: Approximately 50 mg/year is necessary for normal thyroid function; typically sourced from seafood and iodized salt.
    • Iodide Trapping: Collects iodide in thyroid cells; regulatory influenced by TSH and compensates during dietary deficiency.

    Deiodinase Enzymes

    • Types: D1 and D2 convert T4 to T3; D3 inactivates T4 and T3.
    • PTU: Inhibits deiodinase, thus affecting T3 production.

    Thyroid Hormone Regulation

    • Regulated primarily by TSH from the anterior pituitary, which is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.
    • Negative feedback is exerted by elevated levels of T4 and T3.

    Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones

    • Increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) and oxygen consumption.
    • Enhances cardiovascular and respiratory functions, stimulating energy metabolism (carb and fat).
    • Influences growth, sleep, sexual function, and CNS activity.

    Long-Term Actions of Thyroid Hormones

    • Latency and Duration: Significant metabolic effects may take days to weeks after thyroid hormone administration; half-life is approximately 15 days.
    • Influences on Nutrient Metabolism: Stimulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism; affects plasma lipid concentrations by decreasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Connections

    • Hypothalamus Functions: Controls temperature, osmolarity, appetite, and body rhythms.
    • Pituitary Gland Structure: Composed of anterior (endocrine tissue) and posterior (neural tissue) components; regulated through both vascular and neural connections.
    • Posterior Pituitary Hormones: Includes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), affecting childbirth, lactation, and water balance.

    Feedback Regulation

    • Hormones from the hypothalamus regulate anterior pituitary activity through releasing and inhibiting factors.
    • Hypothalamic hormones are delivered directly to the anterior pituitary, ensuring concentrated effects without systemic circulation involvement.

    Summary of Key Actions

    • Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and physiological activities throughout the body.
    • The hypothalamus-pituitary axis is vital for coordinating hormonal responses and maintaining homeostasis.### Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Overview
    • The hypothalamus-pituitary complex is a critical “command center” for the endocrine system.
    • It secretes hormones that directly affect target tissues and regulate hormones of other glands.
    • Connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary are neural and hormonal, facilitating control and communication.

    Hypothalamus Functionality

    • Integrates neural inputs from various brain regions to assess the body's internal conditions.
    • Maintains "internal milieu"—the extracellular fluid environment essential for tissue stability.
    • Regulates several physiological processes, including temperature, osmolarity, appetitive behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex), autonomic nervous system responses (fear, rage), and circadian rhythms (sleep/wake patterns).

    Hypothalamus Anatomy

    • Receives diverse neural inputs and processes this information to influence endocrine activity.

    Pituitary Gland Structure

    • Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
      • Composed of endocrine tissue.
      • Connected to the hypothalamus via a vascular link.
    • Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
      • Composed of neural tissue.
      • Developed from hypothalamic downgrowth, containing nerve axons from the hypothalamus.

    Hormonal Production in the Pituitary

    • Posterior Pituitary
      • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by supraoptic nuclei (SON).
      • Oxytocin produced by paraventricular nuclei (PVN).
    • Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
      • Growth Hormone (GH) - Somatotrophs
      • Prolactin (PRL) - Lactotrophs
      • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Gonadotrophs
      • Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Gonadotrophs
      • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Corticotrophs
      • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyrotrophs

    Hormonal Regulation Mechanism

    • The anterior pituitary hormones respond to hypothalamic hypophysiotropic (regulatory) hormones through various releasing hormones (RH) and inhibitory hormones (IH).

    Posterior Pituitary Hormone Actions

    • Oxytocin:
      • Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
      • Facilitates milk ejection from the breast.
      • Promotes emotional bonding between individuals.
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
      • Enhances water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine output.
      • Stimulates thirst to increase fluid intake.
      • Causes vasoconstriction at high doses.

    Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System

    • Hypothalamic hormones are transported to the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system, ensuring high concentration delivery.
    • Hypothalamic hormones do not enter systemic circulation, allowing localized control of anterior pituitary hormone release.

    Negative Feedback Control

    • Hormonal changes in target glands exert negative feedback on hypothalamic and pituitary hormone production, ensuring endocrine balance.

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    Week 1 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Hormones PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and function of thyroglobulin, its synthesis and storage in the thyroid follicular cells, and its role in thyroid hormone synthesis.

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