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Questions and Answers
What is primarily differentiated in the Anterior Mediastinum?
What is primarily differentiated in the Anterior Mediastinum?
Which of the following vessels is found in the Posterior Mediastinum?
Which of the following vessels is found in the Posterior Mediastinum?
Which structure primarily consists of connective tissue in the Anterior Mediastinum?
Which structure primarily consists of connective tissue in the Anterior Mediastinum?
What major nerve returns in relation to the thoracic aorta in the Posterior Mediastinum?
What major nerve returns in relation to the thoracic aorta in the Posterior Mediastinum?
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What is contained within the Middle Mediastinum?
What is contained within the Middle Mediastinum?
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Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure found in the Superior Mediastinum?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure found in the Superior Mediastinum?
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What structure is NOT part of the contents of the Posterior Mediastinum?
What structure is NOT part of the contents of the Posterior Mediastinum?
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What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?
What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the phrenic nerve and the hilum of the lung?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the phrenic nerve and the hilum of the lung?
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Where does the vagus nerve travel in relation to the heart?
Where does the vagus nerve travel in relation to the heart?
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What is a function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
What is a function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
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Which layer of the pericardium is considered the outermost?
Which layer of the pericardium is considered the outermost?
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What is the primary purpose of the pericardium?
What is the primary purpose of the pericardium?
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What forms when great vessels enter the pericardial sac?
What forms when great vessels enter the pericardial sac?
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Which of the following does NOT relate to the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following does NOT relate to the autonomic nervous system?
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What characteristic distinguishes the vagus nerve?
What characteristic distinguishes the vagus nerve?
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What is the function of the transverse sinus in the heart?
What is the function of the transverse sinus in the heart?
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During which phase does blood flow to the coronary arteries occur?
During which phase does blood flow to the coronary arteries occur?
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Which structure is located behind the left atrium?
Which structure is located behind the left atrium?
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What component of the heart structure is responsible for separating the left and right atria?
What component of the heart structure is responsible for separating the left and right atria?
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Which type of valve is referred to as an AV valve?
Which type of valve is referred to as an AV valve?
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What happens to blood flow immediately after the aortic valve closes?
What happens to blood flow immediately after the aortic valve closes?
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Which section of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Which section of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
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What is the primary role of the coronary circulation?
What is the primary role of the coronary circulation?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the pumping action of the heart?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the pumping action of the heart?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the heart structure?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the heart structure?
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What is the most likely symptom if the phrenic nerve is damaged on the left side during cardiac surgery?
What is the most likely symptom if the phrenic nerve is damaged on the left side during cardiac surgery?
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A rib fracturing at the articulation with the sternum and vertebra at T8 is classified as which type of rib?
A rib fracturing at the articulation with the sternum and vertebra at T8 is classified as which type of rib?
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If a tumor is compressing the azygous vein and thoracic duct, in which mediastinal region is it likely located?
If a tumor is compressing the azygous vein and thoracic duct, in which mediastinal region is it likely located?
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Which nerve should a surgeon particularly be cautious not to damage during cardiac surgery to preserve diaphragm function?
Which nerve should a surgeon particularly be cautious not to damage during cardiac surgery to preserve diaphragm function?
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What injury could potentially disrupt the structure of rib 8, which articulates with the vertebra at T8?
What injury could potentially disrupt the structure of rib 8, which articulates with the vertebra at T8?
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What structures are typically found at the hilum of the left lung?
What structures are typically found at the hilum of the left lung?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the thoracic movement during inspiration?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the thoracic movement during inspiration?
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What is the difference in the number of tertiary bronchi between the right and left lungs?
What is the difference in the number of tertiary bronchi between the right and left lungs?
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Which process is described as a passive mechanism during breathing?
Which process is described as a passive mechanism during breathing?
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When a person inhales, what change occurs in the thoracic cavity?
When a person inhales, what change occurs in the thoracic cavity?
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What type of valve blockage might affect blood flow to the lungs?
What type of valve blockage might affect blood flow to the lungs?
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Which of the following is the first structure in the treacheobronchial tree?
Which of the following is the first structure in the treacheobronchial tree?
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Which statement correctly differentiates the arteries and veins in the hilum of the right lung?
Which statement correctly differentiates the arteries and veins in the hilum of the right lung?
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Which muscles primarily contribute to exhalation?
Which muscles primarily contribute to exhalation?
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What structural characteristic differentiates the primary bronchi of the left and right lungs?
What structural characteristic differentiates the primary bronchi of the left and right lungs?
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Which structure is specifically involved in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes within the Anterior Mediastinum?
Which structure is specifically involved in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes within the Anterior Mediastinum?
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Which of the following pairs comprises the distinct contents found in the Posterior Mediastinum?
Which of the following pairs comprises the distinct contents found in the Posterior Mediastinum?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for housing the great vessels in the Middle Mediastinum?
Which structure is primarily responsible for housing the great vessels in the Middle Mediastinum?
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Which of the following is NOT a structure found in the Superior Mediastinum?
Which of the following is NOT a structure found in the Superior Mediastinum?
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Which structure facilitates lymphatic drainage in the Posterior Mediastinum?
Which structure facilitates lymphatic drainage in the Posterior Mediastinum?
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What anatomical feature primarily distinguishes the phrenic nerve's position relative to the hilum of the lung?
What anatomical feature primarily distinguishes the phrenic nerve's position relative to the hilum of the lung?
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Which statement about the recurrent laryngeal nerve is correct?
Which statement about the recurrent laryngeal nerve is correct?
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Which layer of the pericardium is directly involved in protecting the heart from friction?
Which layer of the pericardium is directly involved in protecting the heart from friction?
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What feature is associated with the pericardial sac where major blood vessels enter?
What feature is associated with the pericardial sac where major blood vessels enter?
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Which characteristic is uniquely attributed to the vagus nerve among the cranial nerves?
Which characteristic is uniquely attributed to the vagus nerve among the cranial nerves?
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Which structure is most likely to experience decreased blood flow due to a blockage in the mitral valve?
Which structure is most likely to experience decreased blood flow due to a blockage in the mitral valve?
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What is the primary reason for the phenomenon of referred pain in cardiac issues?
What is the primary reason for the phenomenon of referred pain in cardiac issues?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the coronary circulation?
Which of the following is NOT included in the coronary circulation?
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If the phrenic nerve is damaged on the left side during cardiac surgery, which symptom is least likely to occur?
If the phrenic nerve is damaged on the left side during cardiac surgery, which symptom is least likely to occur?
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Which process in the heart is primarily responsible for oxygenating blood?
Which process in the heart is primarily responsible for oxygenating blood?
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What distinct anatomical feature influences the separation of the right and left atria?
What distinct anatomical feature influences the separation of the right and left atria?
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What condition is directly associated with the obstruction in the coronary arteries?
What condition is directly associated with the obstruction in the coronary arteries?
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What structure separates the left and right ventricles within the heart?
What structure separates the left and right ventricles within the heart?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the aortic valve close?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the aortic valve close?
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Which of the following describes the transverse sinus?
Which of the following describes the transverse sinus?
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What occurs immediately after the closing of the aortic valve?
What occurs immediately after the closing of the aortic valve?
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Which of the following valves is categorized as an AV valve?
Which of the following valves is categorized as an AV valve?
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Which structure is located posterior to the left atrium?
Which structure is located posterior to the left atrium?
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Which component of the heart structure primarily facilitates blood flow to the lungs?
Which component of the heart structure primarily facilitates blood flow to the lungs?
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What is the primary function of coronary arteries during diastole?
What is the primary function of coronary arteries during diastole?
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What is the primary function of the thymus gland located in the Anterior Mediastinum?
What is the primary function of the thymus gland located in the Anterior Mediastinum?
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Which structure is NOT found in the Inferior Mediastinum?
Which structure is NOT found in the Inferior Mediastinum?
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Which of the following correctly states a content of the Middle Mediastinum?
Which of the following correctly states a content of the Middle Mediastinum?
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In which situation would the thoracic duct be considered a relevant structure?
In which situation would the thoracic duct be considered a relevant structure?
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Which point of crossing between the esophagus and aorta occurs in the thoracic cavity?
Which point of crossing between the esophagus and aorta occurs in the thoracic cavity?
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Which anatomical landmark is used to separate the superior and inferior mediastina?
Which anatomical landmark is used to separate the superior and inferior mediastina?
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What is the significance of the transverse sinus in heart anatomy?
What is the significance of the transverse sinus in heart anatomy?
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Which structures are primarily associated with the hilum of the left lung?
Which structures are primarily associated with the hilum of the left lung?
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During inhalation, what changes occur specifically in the thoracic cavity?
During inhalation, what changes occur specifically in the thoracic cavity?
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Which characteristic differentiates the primary bronchi of the right lung from those of the left lung?
Which characteristic differentiates the primary bronchi of the right lung from those of the left lung?
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Which artery primarily supplies the anterior portion of the heart?
Which artery primarily supplies the anterior portion of the heart?
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What is the main purpose of the coronary sinus in the heart?
What is the main purpose of the coronary sinus in the heart?
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Which of the following structures does NOT drain directly into the right atrium?
Which of the following structures does NOT drain directly into the right atrium?
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Which artery is most commonly associated with being blockage prone?
Which artery is most commonly associated with being blockage prone?
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Which vein primarily collects blood from the cardiac veins before draining into the right atrium?
Which vein primarily collects blood from the cardiac veins before draining into the right atrium?
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Which artery is primarily associated with the right coronary circulation?
Which artery is primarily associated with the right coronary circulation?
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Where does the blood from the cardiac veins ultimately flow before entering the right atrium?
Where does the blood from the cardiac veins ultimately flow before entering the right atrium?
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What causes the coronary arteries to receive blood flow?
What causes the coronary arteries to receive blood flow?
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Which of the following correctly describes the transverse sinus?
Which of the following correctly describes the transverse sinus?
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How is the position of the oblique sinus in relation to the left atrium best described?
How is the position of the oblique sinus in relation to the left atrium best described?
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What structures primarily separate the chambers of the heart?
What structures primarily separate the chambers of the heart?
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Which phase of the cardiac cycle allows blood flow into the coronary arteries?
Which phase of the cardiac cycle allows blood flow into the coronary arteries?
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Which valve type is responsible for controlling blood flow from the atria to the ventricles?
Which valve type is responsible for controlling blood flow from the atria to the ventricles?
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What structural feature is prominent within the heart's design, particularly related to blood flow?
What structural feature is prominent within the heart's design, particularly related to blood flow?
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Which statement accurately describes the flow of blood from the lungs to the heart?
Which statement accurately describes the flow of blood from the lungs to the heart?
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Study Notes
AMP Review Session - Unit 5: The Heart and Respiratory Tracts
-
Session Structure:
- Content Review (1 hour)
- Practice Questions (15 minutes)
- Q&A (15 minutes)
Content Outline
- Mediastina and Pericardium
- The Heart
- Respiratory Tracts
Thoracic Mediastina and Pericardium
- Content Outline: Thoracic Cavity, Thoracic Cages, Surface Anatomy, Heart Position, Mediastinum, Pericardium
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Thoracic Cage:
- Sternum (Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process)
- Ribs (True ribs 1-7, False ribs 8-10, Floating ribs 11&12)
- Costal margin (infrasternal angle)
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Surface Anatomy:
- Landmarks (Manubriosternal joint - separating superior and inferior mediastina).
- Sternum, Clavicle, Ribs I-X.
Heart Position
- Transverse plane landmarks: Sternal angle, Xiphisternal joint
- Vertical plane landmarks: Parasternal lines, Midclavicular line
Mediastinum Sections
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Sections: Superior Mediastinum, Inferior Mediastinum, Anterior Mediastinum, Middle Mediastinum, Posterior Mediastinum.
- Superior Mediastinum Content: Many nerves and vessels (brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava).
- Anterior Mediastinum Content: Thymus gland, lymph nodes, fat, connective tissue.
- Middle Mediastinum Content: Heart, coronary arteries, cardiac veins, cardiac plexus, roots of great vessels, pericardiacophrenic aa and vv, phrenic nn, primary bronchi.
- Posterior Mediastinum Content: Descending aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct, esophagus, sympathetic trunk.
- Esophagus and Aorta Crossings: Arch of the aorta, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta. These structures cross at 3 points where constrictions occur within the esophagus..
Posterior Mediastinum
- The esophagus and aorta cross at 3 points:
- Arch of the aorta
- Thoracic (descending) aorta
- Abdominal (descending) aorta.
- These crossings have important clinical consequences in cases of esophageal constriction, causing difficulties in the swallowing process.
- Esophageal constrictions are located. (Upper, Middle and Lower)
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts
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Content outline: Respiratory Tract Overview, Boney Walls and Sinuses, Larengal Musculature and Function, Pleurae, Gas Exchange, Respiratory Musculature and Function.
- Respiratory System: Separated into upper and lower tracts.
- Conducting and Respiratory Zones: Separated into these zones, based on the function.
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Nasal Cavity:
- Medial Wall: Septum (perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer)
- Lateral Wall: nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior), nasal bones
Detailed Nasal Structure
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Anatomical bones (frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid) that makeup the nasal cavity.
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Paranasal Sinuses: Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary sinuses.
- Mucosal structures drain into the nasal cavity through specific openings or spaces (hiatuses).
- The sinuses lighten the skull and play important roles in phonation.
Laryngeal Structure
- Epiglottis, Hyoid bone, Thyroid cartilage, Arytenoid, and Cricoid cartilage.
Laryngeal Musculature
- The laryngeal muscles such as the suprahyoid/infrahyoid muscles. Muscles responsible for pitch of voice and swallowing.
- Muscles: Suprahyoid muscles (Elevation), Infrahyoid muscles (Depression).
Pleurae
- Visceral vs. Parietal: Visceral pleura covers the lungs, while parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
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Pleural Regions: Cervical, Costal, Mediastinal, Diaphragmatic.
- Hilum of lung: Vessels and bronchial structures.
- Lung Hiatuses: The structures (bronchi, arteries) pass through at the hilum.
Trachea-Bronchial Tree
- Branches: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary bronchi (R:1,L:1;R:3,L:2;R:10,L:10)
- Differences between Right and Left: Structural variations.
Gas Exchange
- Alveoli—Site of gas exchange (O2 and CO2).
Thoracic Cage Movements
- Inspiration: Diaphragms, external, internal intercostals.
- Exhalation: Passive process. The diaphragm relaxes upwards and the inner most intercostals contract, forcing air to exit.
Valves, Heart structure, Blood Flow, Coronary Vessels, Innervation (Additional Notes):
- Heart valves: (Tricuspid, mitral (bicuspid), pulmonary, and aortic valve) (AV and Semilunar valves).
- Heart structure: Chambers (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle), valves, septums.
- Heart blood flow: Directions (Body → Right Heart → Lungs → Left Heart → Body).
- Coronary arteries: Right (RCA), Left (LAD)
- Coronary veins: Coronary Sinus, Anterior Cardiac Veins
- Heart Innervation: Cardiac plexus (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers), sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, His bundle, Purkinje fibres.
Practice Questions
- Questions about structures, pathologies, and/or injuries that affect the respiratory and circulatory system.
Question Examples
- Question 1: A patient is experiencing a blockage in their mitral valve, which structure is likely experiencing decreased blood flow as a result? (Answers/ Explanation to follow)
- Question 2: What can the phenomenon of referred pain be attributed to? (Answers/ Explanation)
- Question 3: Which of the following is NOT a component of the coronary circulation? (Answers/ Explanation)
- Question 4: During cardiac surgery, a surgeon must avoid damaging the phrenic and vagus nerves. If the phrenic nerve is accidentally damaged on the left side, which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur?(Answers/Explanation)
- Question 5: A patient sustains a fracture to a rib that articulates with the sternum and vertebra at T8; which type of rib is this? (Answers/Explanation)
- Question 6: A surgeon notes a tumour compressing the azygous vein and thoracic duct. In which part of the mediastinum is the tumour located? ( Answers/Explanation)
- Question 7: An individual has an issue executing the end phase of swallowing AND singing/ speaking with a low-pitch—Which muscle(s) are likely affected? (Answers/Explanation)
- Question 8: What would be the immediate consequence of a pneumothorax? (Answers/Explanation)
- Question 9: If someone were to aspirate on their food (food -> lungs), which lung would be more likely to be affected? (Answers/Explanation)
- Question 10: Which cranial bone is colored in purple in the image? (Answers/Explanation)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structures and functions within the thoracic mediastinum. This quiz covers the anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum, including important nerves and vessels. Perfect for students of anatomy, it's a comprehensive overview of thoracic anatomy.
