Thermodynamics and Angular Momentum Concepts

Carnot Engine Heat Rejection

• A Carnot engine operates between two reservoirs at 600 K and 300 K.
• If the engine absorbs 2,000 J of heat from the hot reservoir, the heat rejected to the cold reservoir is 1000 J.

Angular Momentum Conservation

• Angular momentum is conserved when there is no net external torque.
• This occurs at all times when there is no net external torque.

Adiabatic Expansion and Temperature

• In an adiabatic expansion, the volume of a gas increases.
• The temperature of the gas decreases.

SI Unit of Angular Momentum

• The SI unit of angular momentum is not specified in the text.

Constant Temperature Closed System Entropy

• In a constant temperature closed system process, 120 kJ of heat is transferred to the working fluid at 38°C.
• The change in entropy of the working fluid is 0.458 kJ/K.

Torque and Angular Momentum

• Torque is the rate of change of angular momentum.

Third Law of Thermodynamics

• The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that, as the temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum constant value.

Torque and Angular Momentum of a Hinged Door

• Applying a torque to a hinged door changes its angular momentum.
• If the torque is in the direction of rotation, the angular momentum increases.

Entropy Definition

• Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness of a system.

Effect of Lever Arm on Torque

• A larger distance from the hinge (lever arm) increases the torque for the same applied force.

Mass Density Definition

• Mass density is defined as the ratio of the force of gravity on a unit volume.

Torque Calculation for a Rod

• A 300 N force acts perpendicularly on one end of a 2.5 m long rod with a mass of 10 kg.
• The torque acting on the rod is 720 N⋅m.

Adiabatic Process Heat Exchange

• In an adiabatic process, no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.

Unknown Final Angular Momentum Value

• The final angular momentum of a rod is not provided in the text.

Thermodynamics and 100% Efficiency

• The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why no process can be 100% efficient.

Final Angular Speed of a Rod

• The final angular speed of a rod is not provided in the text.

Isochoric Process and Temperature Increase

• Increasing the temperature of an ideal gas in an isochoric process increases the pressure.

Kepler's Laws (Not)

• All planets do not have circular orbits (according to Kepler).
• Kepler's laws:
  • Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.
  • A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
  • The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

Isothermal Process and Heat Addition

• In an isothermal process, when heat is added to an ideal gas, the heat added is equal to the work done by the system.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

• Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: The gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Final Gauge Pressure in a Closed Vessel

• The final gauge pressure is not specified in the text.

Mass and Gravitational Force

• Greater mass increases the gravitational force.

Percentage Increase in Bubble Volume

• The percentage increase in the volume of a bubble rising from a well is not specified.

Geostationary Orbit Definition

• A geostationary orbit allows a satellite to remain above a fixed point on Earth's surface.

Carnot Cycle Efficiency

• The Carnot Cycle is considered the most efficient thermodynamic cycle because it can both receive and reject energy at the upper and lower temperatures.

Kepler's Third Law and Distance from Sun

• According to Kepler's third law, if a planet's orbital period increases, its distance from the Sun increases.

Specific Gravity of a Liquid

• The specific gravity of the liquid is not specified.

Effect of Doubling Circular Orbit Radius on Velocity

• Doubling the radius of a circular orbit decreases the orbital velocity by a factor of the square root of 2.

Mercury Barometer Height

• The height of a mercury barometer is 739 mm given the atmospheric pressure is 98.6 kPa and the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6.

Spring Constant and Frequency

• If the spring constant increases, the frequency of a mass-spring system also increases.

Hydraulic Lift Pressure Application

• The pressure required to lift a 5000 lb truck with a 12-inch diameter piston is not specified.

Mass-Spring System Energy at Equilibrium Position

• At the equilibrium position in a mass-spring system, the energy is entirely kinetic.

Vacuum Pressure to Absolute Pressure Conversion

• The converted absolute pressure value is not specified in the text.

Total Mechanical Energy in a Mass-Spring System

• Total mechanical energy in a mass-spring system remains constant.

Buoyant Force Calculation

• The buoyant force acting on an object weighing 100 N in air and 80 N in water is 20 N.

Simple Harmonic Motion and Amplitude Increase

• Increasing the amplitude of a simple harmonic motion increases the energy of the system.

Hydraulic Press Force Application

• To lift a 500 N load with a smaller piston area of 0.01 m² and a larger piston area of 0.2 m², the applied force on the smaller piston must be 25 N.

Elastic Potential Energy at Maximum Displacement

• The elastic potential energy in a mass-spring system is maximum at maximum displacement.

Water Level in an Open Tank

• The water level in an open tank stays the same when an object is submerged.

Relationship between Elastic Potential and Kinetic Energy

• Elastic potential energy and kinetic energy interchange as the object moves in a simple harmonic motion.

Venturi Meter Fluid Velocity Decrease

• In a venturi meter, when the cross-sectional area decreases, the fluid velocity increases.

Doppler Effect Definition

• The Doppler effect is a change in frequency due to the motion of the source or observer.

Heat Required to Raise Water Temperature

• The heat required to raise the temperature of 5 lb of water from 77°F to 167°F is not specified.

Inverse Square Law in Sound Intensity

• The inverse square law in sound intensity states that the intensity decreases as the square of the distance from the source.

Thermal Equilibrium and Heat Transfer

• Thermal equilibrium implies that no heat transfer occurs between two bodies at the same temperature.

Medium Requirement for Wave Propagation

• Mechanical waves require a medium to propagate.

Airplane Flight Principle

• Airplane flight is explained by Bernoulli's Principle.

Particle Motion in Transverse Wave

• Particle motion in a transverse wave is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.

Ocean Depth Calculation

• The depth of the ocean, given a pressure of 2,032.56 kPa and specific gravity of 1.03 is not specified.

Sound Intensity and Distance Change

• If the distance from a sound source is doubled, the intensity is quartered.

This quiz covers key concepts in thermodynamics and angular momentum, including the Carnot engine, adiabatic processes, and the laws of thermodynamics. Test your understanding of heat transfer, entropy, and the conservation of angular momentum in various scenarios.