The Sleep Impact Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of waves are characteristic of alert waking activity and are characterized by sleep spindles on an EEG?

  • Theta waves
  • Beta waves (correct)
  • Alpha waves
  • Delta waves

    • Which type of waves are associated with sleep onset and light sleep (N1) on an EEG?

  • Delta waves
  • Theta waves (correct)
  • Alpha waves
  • Beta waves

    • What is the key characteristic of N2 sleep on an EEG?

  • Presence of alpha waves
  • Presence of delta waves
  • Presence of K-complexes (correct)
  • High amplitude but low frequency waves

    • Which theory argues that sleep keeps us safe from predators?

    <p>Enhance survival/adaptation (inactivity theory)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that sleep is designed to restore the body of things that build up during the day?

    <p>Restoration theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory struggles to explain why humans need sleep, as humans have the capacity for relaxed wakefulness?

    <p>Energy conservation theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of sleep needed by humans?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of beta waves on an EEG?

    <p>High frequency and low amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do sleep spindles occur?

    <p>N2 sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps to stage REM sleep by looking at body movement on an EEG?

    <p>Electromyogram (EMG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common issues that result from inadequate sleep?

    <p>Impaired cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sleep look like over the night?

    <p>More N3 sleep at start of night and more REM sleep towards end of night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different measures of a polysomnography?

    <p>Provides sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, awakenings, WASO, sleep architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some subjective ways of measuring sleep?

    <p>Sleep diary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of N3 - deep sleep?

    <p>Useful for memory &amp; cognition, physically restorative, synaptic plasticity, brain 'cleaning'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of one sleep cycle?

    <p>60-90 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of REM sleep?

    <p>Memory consolidation, emotional processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early work on wake prompting systems find?

    <p>Mid brain (reticular formation) + parts of hypothalamus are involved in sleep + wake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thalamocortical loop?

    <p>An ascending activating system maintains an activated cortex -&gt; runs from reticular formation to thalamus to cortex; arouses/awakens the brain' cortex projects back to thalamus forming thalamocortical loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ascending (reticular) activation system?

    <p>It involves two main branches: 1. cholinergic inputs (PPT and LDT) and 2. monoaminergic inputs (norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, dopamine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orexinergic system?

    <p>The orexin/hypocretin pathway plays an essential role in stabilisation of wakefulness - i.e., these fire exclusively during wake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes narcolepsy?

    <p>Low waking levels of orexin i.e., caused by a reduction of orexin neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What else does orexin control?

    <p>Appetite and energy balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is associated with slow wave sleep?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT part of the ascending (reticular) activation system?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thalamus in the thalamocortical loop?

    <p>Receiving input from the cortex and projecting back to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the midbrain reticular formation?

    <p>Controlling wakefulness and arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ventro-lateral preoptic area (VLPO) in the brain?

    <p>To promote inhibitory neurotransmitters during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis?

    <p>Synaptic connections are strengthened during wake and downscaled during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first described the ascending reticular activating system?

    <p>Moruzzi &amp; Magoun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do cholinergic neurons originate from in the brain?

    <p>The laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) and pedunculopontine nuclei (PPT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do monoaminergic neurons project to in the brain?

    <p>The lateral hypothalamus (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do monoaminergic neurons come from in the brain?

    <p>Norepinephrine - the locus coeruleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) in the brain?

    <p>To be highest during sleep onset and dissipate across the night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of the parafacial zone (PFZ) in the brain?

    <p>To send upward sleep signals via GABA and switch off areas related to alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the known function of orexin in the brain?

    <p>Stimulates wake, feeding, and reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of Zeitgeber in the context of circadian rhythm?

    <p>It represents the 'outer' day, usually referring to the light cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between phase delay and phase advance in relation to circadian rhythm?

    <p>Light pulse at the beginning of night causes phase delay, while closer to morning causes phase advance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Circadian Time (CT) in the context of circadian rhythm?

    <p>It refers to the 'inner' day of an organism, usually activity onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some non-photic causes of phase shifting in circadian rhythm?

    <p>Running (on a wheel)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender has a longer intrinsic period in relation to circadian rhythm?

    <p>Men have a longer intrinsic period than women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phase angle' refer to in the context of circadian rhythm?

    <p>It signifies the difference between intrinsic time and external time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of being on a light cycle on the internal clock in circadian rhythm?

    <p>Being on a light cycle will pull the internal clock towards its time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'free running' period of the circadian clock?

    <p>Slightly different from the external cycle being measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phase shift refer to in the context of circadian rhythms?

    <p>A rapid change in an oscillation from one phase to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of zeitgebers in regulating circadian rhythms?

    <p>They are external cues that entrain the internal clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of phase angle in circadian biology?

    <p>It represents the difference in time between reference points on two oscillations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tau in the context of circadian rhythms?

    <p>It refers to the length of the endogenous rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does melanopsin sit in the eye?

    <p>Ganglion cell layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are eclosion rhythms related to?

    <p>Emerging from the larva (in insects)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core clock in mammals?

    <p>Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we know the SCN is the clock in mammals?

    <p>Ablation - removing the clock eliminates rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of melanopsin in the circadian system?

    <p>Provides light input information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a SCN is transplanted into an arrhythmic animal?

    <p>Brings back rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do toddlers typically experience a drop in sleep duration compared to infancy?

    <p>3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sleep architecture starts to resemble adults at around 4/5 years of age?

    <p>Sleep spindles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with reduced slow wave sleep in older age?

    <p>Prefrontal atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does diurnal preference start to develop?

    <p>6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes quiet sleep in foetal sleep?

    <p>Precursor to NREM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor to REM sleep in foetal sleep?

    <p>Active sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do newborns start to experience day/night entrainment?

    <p>16 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do sleep spindles and K-complexes typically develop in newborns?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected sleep duration for newborns?

    <p>16 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do toddlers typically drop their daytime nap?

    <p>3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sleep issue commonly experienced by children between 4-10 years of age?

    <p>Difficulty falling asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is delayed phase sleep disorder diagnosed?

    <p>By assessing the individual's subjective account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is non-24 hour sleep wake disorder characterized by?

    <p>Peak melatonin falling at random points in the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acrophase in the context of circadian rhythms?

    <p>The peak time for melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DLMO (Dim light melatonin onset) used?

    <p>To measure entrainment to a 24-hour light/dark cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of shift work disorder?

    <p>Impaired sleep and impaired wake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring melatonin?

    <p>To determine the suppression of melatonin by light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of sleep needed by humans?

    <p>7-9 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people in Australia have sleep complaints?

    <p>20-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a protective factor for sleep issues before bed?

    <p>Time with family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in increases in sleep latency?

    <p>Pre-sleep arousal (e.g., social media)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is a particularly vulnerable population to sleep disturbances?

    <p>Adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sleep efficiency percentage is considered good?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population has highly variable sleep?

    <p>Adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How common is insomnia?

    <p>1 in 3 people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components considered in CBT-I?

    <p>Stimulus control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for sleep issues before bed?

    <p>Playing video games</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common protective factor for sleep issues before bed?

    <p>Spending time with family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with an increase in mortality, especially in terms of cardiometabolic activity?

    <p>Disrupting clock with light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal signal is lower when individuals get less sleep, impacting their ability to feel satiated?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of sleep restriction on glucose tolerance?

    <p>Impaired ability to clear glucose from the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an individual's ability to sleep according to circadian time?

    <p>Circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary association between sleep duration and BMI?

    <p>Less sleep leads to higher BMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of light at night on glucose tolerance?

    <p>Reduces glucose tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sleep/wake homeostat?

    <p>Building of sleepiness as one stays awake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an individual goes to bed a few hours earlier or later than their circadian clock dictates?

    <p>They experience much more wakefulness during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of circadian misalignment?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does light exposure have on melatonin and cancer risk?

    <p>Light decreases melatonin, increasing cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of shift work on cancer risk, according to the text?

    <p>Shift work is associated with increased cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between circadian rhythm disturbance and cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Circadian rhythm disturbance is associated with increased cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does light sensitivity differ in bipolar disorder and depression?

    <p>Light sensitivity is increased in bipolar disorder but decreased in depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of SSRIs on light sensitivity in individuals with depression?

    <p>SSRIs increase light sensitivity in individuals with depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are heart attacks most common, according to the text?

    <p>Most common in the morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of circadian phase on seasonal affective disorder (SAD) severity?

    <p>Moving off an ideal circadian phase increases SAD severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of delayed melatonin secretion on Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) symptoms?

    <p>Delayed melatonin secretion correlates with increased MDD symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sleep pattern of having one sleep period per day?

    <p>Monophasic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes human sleep from that of other mammals?

    <p>Shorter duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary advantage of sentinel behavior?

    <p>Protecting the tribe during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the evidence against segmented sleep suggest?

    <p>Segmented sleep is a modern phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for animals that are active primarily during the night?

    <p>Nocturnal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for animals that are active primarily during the day?

    <p>Diurnal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for animals that are active primarily during twilight?

    <p>Crepuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep pattern is not suited to human adults according to the text?

    <p>Polyphasic sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of light exposure has a larger impact on the circadian system according to the text?

    <p>White LEDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has enabled humans to reshape sleep patterns at will according to the text?

    <p>Electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spending less time outdoors in sunshine and brighter light at night lead to according to the text?

    <p>Worse sleep and phase delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of white LEDs on the circadian system according to the text?

    <p>Larger impact on melanopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was used by prehistoric humans to see at night, which did not disrupt sleep as much according to the text?

    <p>Fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep pattern do humans almost always favor in lab settings according to the text?

    <p>Monophasic sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not adapted to the reshaped sleep patterns enabled by electricity according to the text?

    <p>Our physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of rapid entry to REM sleep according to the text?

    <p>Sign of REM sleep deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sleep insufficiency defined as?

    <p>When sleep is insufficient to support adequate alertness, performance, and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive domains does sleep loss affect?

    <p>Attention, Executive function, and Emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of alertness?

    <p>Non-specific brain activation in relation to sleep and wake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some determining factors of alertness?

    <p>Chronic sleep restriction, Time of day (phase), Sleep inertia, Presence of sleep disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common subjective measure of alertness?

    <p>Karolinska Sleepiness Scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are objective measures of alertness?

    <p>Pupil size, EEG, Self-reported questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Australians report suffering from insufficient sleep?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common subjective measure of alertness?

    <p>Karolinska Sleepiness Scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of sleep insufficiency?

    <p>Decreased productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential work-related issues resulting from sleep insufficiency?

    <p>Stroke, Workplace injuries, Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of chronic sleep restriction on alertness?

    <p>Alertness degrades cumulatively with each day that sleep is inadequate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of time of day on alertness?

    <p>Alertness is worse during the night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)?

    <p>Time taken to fall asleep during scheduled naps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome measured in Ocular Derived Alertness Outcomes?

    <p>Blink rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EEG derived alertness outcomes measure?

    <p>Number of microsleeps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attention control networks of the brain affected by sleep insufficiency?

    <p>Dorsal - fronto-parietal network reduced control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sleep deprivation impact planning?

    <p>It impairs planning time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of sleep deprivation on decision making?

    <p>It is compromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sleep insufficiency on cognitive flexibility?

    <p>It is impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measure in Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT)?

    <p>Reaction time to visual stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain do the executive functions rely on?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of sleep deprived performance?

    <p>Unstable performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of sleep deprivation on amygdala activation?

    <p>60% increase in activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does age play in vulnerability to sleep loss in the context of driving performance?

    <p>Young drivers are more affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cons of using averages to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>They overlook regularity and variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three traditional measures of sleep regularity?

    <p>Standard deviation, social jetlag, and interdaily stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pros and cons of using standard deviation to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>Pro: Measures intraindividual variability; Con: Does not consider the ordering of days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of using averages to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>They do not capture regularity and variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using interdaily stability to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>To compare the pattern of activity on each day to the average across days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social jetlag measure in the context of sleep regularity?

    <p>Difference in average midsleep timing between work/school days and days off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drawback of using standard deviation to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>It overlooks the ordering of days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of using social jetlag to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>It does not account for intraindividual variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using interdaily stability to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>It compares the pattern of activity on each day to the average across days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using averages to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>They overlook regularity and variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does interdaily stability score of 1 indicate?

    <p>Super regular pattern of activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of using social jetlag to measure sleep regularity?

    <p>It does not account for intraindividual variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanopsin in the eye?

    <p>Regulating circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of light exposure on the human habenula?

    <p>Inhibition by light leads to increased optimism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between light exposure and amygdala activation?

    <p>Light suppresses amygdala activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) have on light sensitivity?

    <p>SSRIs greatly increase light sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to enhance the effectiveness of SSRIs?

    <p>Combining light therapy with SSRI treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of evening light exposure on humans?

    <p>Humans are 3-4x more sensitive to evening light than previously thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of blue light on slow wave sleep?

    <p>Blue light suppresses slow wave sleep in the frontal brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential impact of healthy light behaviors on socioeconomic status?

    <p>Healthy light behaviors may relate to socioeconomic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

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