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What do gestalt psychologists emphasize in their study of thoughts and behavior?
What does the behavioral perspective in psychology primarily focus on?
Which perspective in psychology focuses on how the body and brain create emotions and memories?
What area of psychology studies the differences and similarities among individuals and social groups?
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Which branch of psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders?
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Humanistic psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following?
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Which specialization deals with the mental health of the community?
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Which psychological perspective focuses on how behavior varies across different cultures?
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What movement is foreshadowed by Martin Seligman's publication of Learned Optimism?
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Which branch of psychology focuses on the application of psychological principles to legal issues?
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Which psychologist received a Nobel Prize for research on decision making?
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Which type of psychology studies the connection between the nervous system and behavior?
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Which institution first established a Department of Psychology in the Philippines?
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What does the term 'Nature-Nurture' refer to in psychology?
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Which observation method is focused on behavior in a controlled environment?
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Which enduring issue in psychology examines the influences of societal factors on individual behavior?
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In what year did the University of Santo Tomas establish its experimental psychology laboratory?
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What characterizes the approach of Psychometric Psychology?
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In the context of psychology, what does the term 'Stability-Change' examine?
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What was the focus of the department of psychology established by Fr. Angel de Blas at the University of Santo Tomas?
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What is essential for ensuring the reliability and validity of survey research?
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Who introduced psychology teaching influenced by Wundt at the University of San Carlos?
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Which of the following best describes a psychologist?
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Which of the following institutions is associated with the introduction of psychology as an undergraduate degree in the Cordilleras?
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What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
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Which type of observational method includes the observer becoming part of the group being observed?
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What is a major limitation of case study research?
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Which method involves analyzing previously collected materials, such as letters and videos?
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Which psychologist is noted for having a significant role in educational psychology in the Philippines?
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What is a common trend noted in the future of psychology?
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How does a correlational study differ from a descriptive method?
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What type of research compares different population groups at a specific point in time?
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What type of correlation exists when an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in another variable?
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Which range indicates a very strong relationship between two variables in correlation?
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Which type of hypothesis predicts that there will be no effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
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What is a characteristic of true experiments?
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What is an important aspect of experiment design that helps ensure valid results?
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Which statement about correlation studies is true?
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In correlational studies, a perfect correlation is represented by which strength value?
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Which strength of correlation indicates that two variables seldom occur together?
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Study Notes
The Rise of Cognitivism
- The combination of studying the mind scientifically, believing in internal mental states, and discovering links between the brain and nervous system function led to cognitivism becoming the dominant model of the mind.
- Charles Sherrington and Donald Hebb's experimental work, along with studies of people with brain injuries, contributed to the understanding of brain-nervous system connections.
- The development of technologies for measuring brain function led to neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience becoming active areas in contemporary psychology.
Psychology in the Philippines
- The introduction of psychology to the Philippines can be traced back to the early 1900s, when it was taught as a subject separate from philosophy.
- The Department of Psychology at the University of the Philippines (UP) was formed in 1926.
- While psychology developed alongside the American influence in Manila, it also developed independently in Cebu, rooted in German tradition.
- The University of San Carlos (USC) established a psychology department in 1954, led by Fr. Joseph Goertz, SVD, who taught psychology in the tradition of Wilhelm Wundt.
- Spanish influence is seen in the establishment of the experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Santo Tomas in 1938, founded by Fr. Angel de Blas.
- Fr. De Blas's leadership shaped the department's orientation towards medical and physiological aspects of psychology.
- In the Cordilleras, St. Louis University (Baguio) offered psychology as an undergraduate degree in 1967 under the leadership of Fr. Evarist Verlinden, a Belgian missionary priest.
Pioneers of Psychology in the Philippines
- Elias Bumatay: Majored in educational psychology, earned his PhD from the University of Texas in 1940.
- Alfredo Lagmay: Chaired the UP Psychology department for 20 years.
- Estefania Aldaba-Lim: First Filipina to receive a PhD in clinical psychology, earned it from the University of Michigan.
- Augusto Alonzo: Obtained his PhD in psychology.
Modern Perspectives
- Most psychologists today have an eclectic outlook, integrating different perspectives to understand human behavior.
- Neuroscience: Focuses on how the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
- Evolutionary: Focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics, explaining phenomena like lying, attractiveness, fear, etc.
- Psychodynamic: Explores how behavior arises from unconscious drives and conflicts.
- Behavioral: Examines how we learn observable responses.
- Cognitive: Focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
- Socio-cultural: Investigates how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
- Humanistic psychology: Emphasizes the importance of individual perceptions and strives to help each person reach their full potential.
Branches of Psychology
- Abnormal Psychology: Studies mental disorders and their prevention.
- Clinical Psychology: Diagnoses and treats behavior disorders using clinical methods.
- Community Psychology: Focuses on the mental health of communities.
- Comparative or Animal Psychology: Studies general principles of behavior applicable to all animals.
- Counseling Psychology: Helps people with personality, marital, and vocational problems.
- Developmental or Genetic Psychology: Studies human development from conception to old age.
- Differential Psychology: Studies the differences and similarities between individuals, social groups, and races.
- Educational Psychology: Applies learning principles, diagnoses learning problems, and provides counseling in school settings.
- Experimental Psychology: Specializes in investigating and experimenting on physiological aspects of behavior, including sensation, perception, learning, emotion, memory, motivation, and language.
- Forensic or Legal Psychology: Applies psychology to law, court, and legal procedures.
- General Psychology: Covers various theories and principles of human behavior.
- Industrial Psychology: Applies psychology to business and industry, focusing on improving worker performance.
- Personality Psychology: Examines variables that explain individual characteristics and their development.
- Physiological Psychology: Studies the connection between the nervous and endocrine systems and behavior.
- Psychometric Psychology: Measures and evaluates individual and group behavior.
- Social Psychology: Studies group interactions, including the group's effect on the individual and vice versa.
Enduring Issues
- Person-Situation: Debate about whether behavior is caused by internal factors or external situations.
- Nature-Nurture: Debate about whether a person is shaped primarily by genetics or experiences.
- Stability-Change: Debate about whether behavior patterns learned in childhood are permanent or if people change over time.
- Diversity-Universality: Exploration of how people are both similar to and unique from one another.
- Mind-Body: Investigation of the relationship between the mind and the body.
Who is a Psychologist?
- Psychologists are trained professionals who work in fields like treatment, counseling, and consulting.
- They have an advanced degree in psychology (masters or doctorate).
- They question and examine behavior and internal mental states.
Future of Psychology
- Increasing specialization within the field (APA has 53 divisions).
- New perspectives and approaches within existing perspectives.
- Integration of different perspectives (e.g., nature vs. nurture).
- Wider acceptance of and access to treatments for mental illness.
- Increasing acknowledgement of diversity.
- Application of psychology to various areas of life.
Psychology as a Science
- Psychology relies on empirical evidence, based on objective observations, measurements, and relationships between variables.
- Descriptive methods include: observational methods, case studies, surveys, and archival methods.
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Observational Method:
- Naturalistic observation: Observing behavior in natural environments.
- Participant observation: The observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.
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Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional:
- Longitudinal study: Repeated observations over a period of time.
- Cross-sectional study: Comparison of different groups at a single point in time.
- Case Study Method: In-depth study of an individual or group, useful for rare phenomena and generating hypotheses, but limited in determining cause-effect relationships.
- Survey Method: Gathering data through interviews or questionnaires, with emphasis on proper question construction for reliability and validity.
- Archival Research: Systematic examination of letters, manuscripts, recordings, and other materials.
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Correlational Study:
- Shows relationships between two variables.
- Direction: Positive (variables increase together) or negative (one variable increases while the other decreases).
- Strength: Measured on a 0-10 scale, with 10 indicating a perfect relationship.
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Experimental Method: Manipulating the independent variable to measure its effect on the dependent variable, used to prove cause-and-effect relationships.
- Hypotheses: Predictions about the relationship between variables.
- Standardized conditions for controlled experiments.
- Treatment group vs. control group.
- Extraneous variables can confound results if not controlled.
- Uncontrolled experiments lack standardization of conditions.
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Description
This quiz explores the emergence of cognitivism as a leading psychological model, highlighting the contributions of significant figures like Charles Sherrington and Donald Hebb. It also discusses the evolution of psychology in the Philippines, tracing its roots from early 1900s to the establishment of formal departments. Engage with key concepts and developments in neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience.
