Midterm 1 Review - Cognitive Psychology FW
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What is the term for the brief period after perceiving a stimulus, during which it is difficult to attend to another stimulus?

  • Illusory conjunction
  • Attentional blink (correct)
  • Inattention blindness
  • Psychological refractory period

    • In the Posner cueing paradigm, what is the term for the slowing of reaction times associated with returning to a previously attended location?

  • Endogenous orienting
  • Stimulus onset asynchrony
  • Exogenous orienting
  • Inhibition of return (correct)

    • What is the 'dual ear task' used to study?

  • Attentional blink
  • Early selection
  • Late selection
  • Selection attention (correct)

    • What is the term for the perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined?

    <p>Illusory conjunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between covert and overt attention?

    <p>Overt attention involves eye movements while covert attention does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about early selection theory?

    <p>Only the attended information is processed for meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'cocktail-party effect' an example of?

    <p>Late selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another in the Posner cueing paradigm?

    <p>Stimulus onset asynchrony (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a way the tachistoscope is used?

    <p>To measure the speed of information processing in the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'inattention blindness'?

    <p>It is a form of intentional neglect of visual stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the bottleneck mechanism in attention?

    <p>While listening to a lecture, you suddenly become aware of a loud noise outside the classroom, causing you to momentarily lose focus on the lecture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sustained attention?

    <p>Sustained attention tasks often involve a simple repetitive response, minimizing cognitive strain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vigilance decrement refers to:

    <p>A decline in performance over time in sustained attention tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential explanation for vigilance decrement?

    <p>The depletion of cognitive resources as the task continues leads to a decline in performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of task-unrelated thoughts (TUT) in the context of sustained attention?

    <p>TUTs can contribute to vigilance decrement by diverting attention away from the task. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The resource-control account of vigilance decrement suggests that:

    <p>The ability to control attentional resources declines over time, leading to decreased performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Controlled processing can be described as:

    <p>A process that demands conscious allocation of attentional resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of automatic processing?

    <p>It involves a high degree of conscious control and effort. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, what is the primary function of the midbrain?

    <p>It coordinates movement and visual responses, and regulates pain perception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensation and perception?

    <p>Sensation is the process by which sensory receptors convert stimuli into neural impulses, while perception is the interpretation of those impulses into meaningful experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Fechner's Law in relation to perception?

    <p>The change in stimulus intensity needed to perceive a difference is proportional to the original intensity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'contralateral organization' refer to in the context of brain function?

    <p>Sensory information from one side of the body is primarily processed by the opposite hemisphere of the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the thalamus in visual perception?

    <p>It receives the bulk of visual input and relays it to the primary visual cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'contrast sensitivity function' indicates that:

    <p>Humans have a peak sensitivity to a specific range of spatial frequencies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'bottom-up processing' in perception?

    <p>Information processing that is based on the analysis of individual features and their combination to form a percept. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic element of vision mentioned in the text?

    <p>Motion Perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Midterm 1 Review - Cognitive Psychology FW (University of Guelph)

    • This document is a review for a midterm exam in Cognitive Psychology at the University of Guelph.
    • It covers material pertaining to learning, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology
    • The review provides information on encoding, retention, metacognition, and different schools of thought. It also includes analysis of cognitive processes, neuroimaging techniques, and the mind-brain relationship

    Learning How To Learn

    • Acquisition of Information (Encoding):

      • Repetition is crucial for learning, as demonstrated by Ebbinghaus's studies.
      • Massed practice (cramming) is less effective than distributed practice (spaced learning). Distributed practice leads to better long-term retention.
      • Encoding variability (interleaving) involves learning different things at the same time and is more effective than blocking (learning one thing at a time).

    • Retention of Information:

      • Retrieval practice (testing effect) is critical for effective long-term retention.
      • Variability in learning situations makes generalized knowledge possible.
      • Desirable difficulty involves challenging your learning to enhance understanding.

    • Metacognition:

      • Understanding and monitoring the quality of your learning process is a crucial skill.
      • Ability to assess your learning via external factors like speed of retrieval, and perceptual clarity can be misleading.

    Intro to Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognitive Psychology: A field encompassing mental processes, including perception, memory, and thinking.
    • Schools of Thought:
      • Introspection (Wilhelm Wundt) attempts to understand the mind by examining one's own thoughts and feelings.
      • Transcendental method (Immanuel Kant) finds solutions by looking at visible effects.
      • Functionalism (William James) focuses on the functions of the brain, rather than just its structure.
      • Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner) studies observable behaviours and how they change through environmental stimuli.

    Cog. Neuro. Methods

    • Mind-Brain Relationship:
      • The mind and brain interact and influence each other.
      • Dualism suggests the mind and brain are separate entities.
    • Historical Perspectives:
      • Phrenology focused on the idea that different mental abilities are associated with specific areas of the brain.
      • Equipotentiality suggests all brain regions contribute equally to complex functions.
    • Neuroimaging:
      • Computerized scans present a way to measure and visualize brain structure and activity.
      • Measures include fMRI/ MRI/ EEG to understand brain processes.

    Neuropsychology:Impaired Neural Function

    • Reversible Lesions: Temporary impairments used to study brain function. Phineas Gage serves as a compelling example of this.
    • Neuropsychology: Investigating psychological impacts from neural damage. Boca's and Wernicke's aphasia are studied in the context of impaired language.
    • Prosopagnosia is studied to measure the capacity for face recognition.
    • Neuroimaging Techniques: Useful for investigating brain activity and diagnosing/understanding brain damage. (ECG, fMRI, EEG, and FEMG).

    Perception

    • Sensation: The process where sensory receptors transduce physical stimuli into neural impulses.
    • Perception: The process where sensory input is interpreted into meaningful percepts.
    • Contralateral Organization: Information from one side of the body is processed in the opposite side of the brain.
    • Psychophysics: The relationship between physical stimuli and how they are perceived.
    • Basic Elements of Vision: Contrast and orientation are essential aspects of how our visual system perceives the world.
    • Bottom-up and top-down processing: Bottom-up processing is driven by the sensory input, while top-down processing is influenced by prior knowledge and expectations.

    Attention

    • Attention: Focusing awareness on a select subset of stimuli.
    • Selection Attention: A form of attention where you select what to focus on.
    • Early/ Late Selection: Early selection filters information before any meaningful interpretation. Late selection filters information after some interpretation.
    • Overt/ Covert: overt attention involves eye movement, whereas covert attention involves mental attention.
    • Attentional Orienting Paradigms: Techniques used to measure selective attention.
    • Endogenous/ Exogenous: Endogenous attention is internally driven, while exogenous attention is externally driven by a stimulus.
    • Capacity Limitations: Attention has limits to the amount of stimuli it can process at once.
    • Mind Wandering: A shift in attention away from the task at hand.
    • Psychological Refractory Period: The time it takes before attention can be switched.

    Advanced Cognitive Processes

    • Task Switching: Shifting attention between incompatible tasks simultaneously.

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    Midterm 1 Review PDF (Cognitive Psychology)

    Description

    Prepare for your midterm exam in Cognitive Psychology with this comprehensive review. Covering topics like learning processes, neuropsychology, and cognitive analysis, this resource emphasizes the importance of effective information encoding and retention strategies. Dive into various cognitive processes and the mind-brain relationship to enhance your understanding.

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