The Crisis of Apartheid in the 1980s
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Questions and Answers

What was one of the main impacts of international movements on South Africa during the apartheid era?

  • They replaced the South African government with a coalition of international leaders.
  • They established a unified front with South African businesses supporting apartheid.
  • They effectively isolated South Africa diplomatically, culturally, and economically. (correct)
  • They provided direct military assistance to underground movements.

    • What did the UN declare apartheid to be?

  • A necessary political strategy.
  • A crime against humanity. (correct)
  • A viable economic policy.
  • A cultural tradition.

    • Which action did Britain take in 1963 regarding its relationship with South Africa?

  • They stopped selling arms to South Africa. (correct)
  • They initiated military support for the apartheid government.
  • They increased economic investments in South Africa.
  • They ended all trade agreements with South Africa.

    • What was a significant event associated with the Irish anti-apartheid movement in 1984?

    <p>A boycott of South African goods following a cashier's refusal to accept them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response of the NP government after Botha's 'crossing the Rubicon' speech?

    <p>They faced increasing pressure for reform from international communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective of the Release Mandela Campaign?

    <p>To secure the release of Nelson Mandela from prison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group in South Africa was notable for calling for the end of apartheid during the 1980s?

    <p>Afrikaans businessmen and academics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did international anti-apartheid movements influence public opinion in Ireland?

    <p>They changed apathy into support for a boycott over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event prompted the United Nations to condemn apartheid as a crime against humanity?

    <p>The Rivonia Trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary intention behind the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986?

    <p>To restrict new investments and imports from South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country showed reluctance to impose sanctions against South Africa under Margaret Thatcher's leadership?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant condition did the South African government place on Nelson Mandela's potential release in 1985?

    <p>To reject violence and ensure he would not be re-arrested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Release Mandela Campaign was primarily associated with which movement?

    <p>The anti-apartheid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main consequence for US companies that chose to follow anti-apartheid principles?

    <p>They gradually disinvested from South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the momentum for sanctions against South Africa change by the late 1980s?

    <p>It grew stronger due to international pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant resolution passed by the UN in 1963 regarding South Africa?

    <p>To call for the release of political prisoners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act passed by the USA in 1986?

    <p>To encourage US firms to withdraw investments from South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was specifically sent to South Africa in 1985 to advocate for reform?

    <p>The Eminent Persons Group from Commonwealth countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the impact of sanctions on South Africa's economy?

    <p>They made it impossible for the economy to grow at the required rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the position of the ANC and other organizations towards the implementation of sanctions?

    <p>They supported the imposition of sanctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group experienced the highest levels of unemployment due to economic conditions in South Africa by 1987?

    <p>Black workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cultural actions were taken by international artists against South Africa during the apartheid era?

    <p>They initiated boycotts against performing in South Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a belief held by some regarding the consequences of the sanctions imposed on South Africa?

    <p>They were a necessary sacrifice for the possibility of freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization publicly supported cultural boycotts against South Africa in 1963?

    <p>The British Actors Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the academic boycott of South Africa initiated by the AAM in 1965?

    <p>To protest against racial discrimination in educational institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did US companies take regarding South African imports during the 1980s?

    <p>Banned the importation of certain agricultural products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Sullivan Principles intended to achieve?

    <p>To establish standards for racial equity in South African businesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key outcome of the disinvestment movement in the 1980s?

    <p>A large reduction in US corporate ties to South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were the sanctions imposed by the UN not very successful initially?

    <p>Western countries opposed the sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated the 1984 ban on South African produce by the Irish government?

    <p>A direct response to worker refusal to handle South African goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the economic sanctions passed by the UN in 1962?

    <p>They were widely ignored by various countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entity first organized a formal declaration against apartheid in South Africa among American entertainers?

    <p>The Board of Associated Actors and Artists of America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant action taken by the Irish government in 1986 regarding South Africa?

    <p>Enforced a boycott on South African coal and food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a 'boycott' as described in the content?

    <p>An organized effort by individuals to refuse purchase of certain products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary successes of the Anti-Apartheid Movement highlighted?

    <p>Pressuring Barclays Bank to divest from South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between a sanction and an embargo?

    <p>A sanction can regulate both economic and political interactions, while an embargo is only economic in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of the boycotts and sanctions against South Africa in terms of sports?

    <p>The Springbok rugby tour was canceled due to pressure from the movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Gleneagles Agreement of 1977 aim to achieve?

    <p>Ending all sporting ties with South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which years did the UN pass resolutions against sporting ties with South Africa?

    <p>1977 and 1985</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sanctions did the EEC impose on South Africa in 1986?

    <p>Financial sanctions including bans on investment and loans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event in 1988 significantly raised awareness for Nelson Mandela's release?

    <p>A concert for Mandela's 70th birthday at Wembley Stadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did trade unions influence international action against apartheid in South Africa?

    <p>By imposing trade sanctions and influencing their governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company's decision significantly impacted South Africa's economy in 1985?

    <p>Chase Manhattan Bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the disinvestment from South Africa by international companies?

    <p>Heightened economic pressure and withdrawal of foreign loans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the sporting and cultural boycott have on South Africa?

    <p>It created a growing sense of isolation among White South Africans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which union was noted for imposing a total ban on trade between Finland and South Africa?

    <p>The Finnish Transport Workers’ Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major economic effect of the sanctions against South Africa?

    <p>The Johannesburg Stock Exchange closing temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the campaign for Nelson Mandela's release affect public perception?

    <p>It created increased awareness and global support for Mandela</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a significant result of the international response to apartheid?

    <p>Pressure on the South African government to negotiate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Crisis of Apartheid in the 1980s: External International Resistance and Opposition

    • International movements highlighted apartheid injustices, isolating South Africa diplomatically, culturally, and economically.
    • Pressure from inside and outside South Africa forced negotiations with liberation movements.
    • Business and professional delegations met with ANC leaders.
    • A 'Release Mandela' campaign was launched globally.
    • Afrikaans businessmen and academics called for eliminating Apartheid.
    • UN described apartheid as a crime against humanity and called for sanctions.
    • Sanctions and boycotts were crucial in ending Apartheid, though faced opposition.
    • Failed reform attempts led to financial crisis, isolating the South African government further.

    International Anti-Apartheid Movements in Britain and Ireland

    • British movement founded in 1959 to discourage South African goods.
    • Campaigns expanded to oppose apartheid generally.
    • In 1963, the UK stopped selling arms to South Africa.
    • Irish movement founded by Kader Asmal.
    • Demonstrations against Springbok games and promoting a ban on sporting contacts.
    • Boycott of South African fruit at Dunnes Stores supermarket.

    Successes of Anti-Apartheid Movement

    • Pressure on Barclays Bank and other companies to sell subsidiaries in South Africa.
    • Consumer boycott of South African imports.
    • Wembley Stadium concert for Nelson Mandela's release.
    • Influenced movements in other European countries. British/US governments reluctant to fully support anti-apartheid movements until mid-1980s.

    Boycotts and Sanctions

    • Sanctions involve governments' actions restricting trade with another nation.
    • Embargo is a specific type of economic sanction (i.e. restricting the import/export of an item/product from/to a country).
    • Boycotts are actions by individuals/groups, not governments, and aim to refuse to support an entity (e.g. buying products).

    Sports boycotts and sanctions

    • South Africa banned from the Tokyo Olympic Games (1964) and the Olympics (1970).
    • Anti-apartheid movement led to cancellations of Springbok rugby tours.
    • Commonwealth countries, in 1977, sought to end all sporting ties with SA.
    • Irish Trade Unions banned services to SA rugby teams from the 1980s.
    • UN passed resolutions against sporting ties.
    • Commonwealth Accord recommended sanctions from 1985.
    • EEC imposed financial sanctions in 1986.
    • US imposed anti-apartheid act with bans on new investments and loans to SA, and restrictions on products too.
    • SAA planes restricted from flying in the USA or Australia.

    Cultural Boycotts

    • International artists not allowed to perform in SA, unless audiences were racially integrated.
    • British Screenwriters and Actors Unions banned related work in SA.
    • 60+ American entertainers signed declarations against performing in SA.

    Academic Boycotts

    • Academic boycott of South Africa created from 1965 onward.
    • 496 university professors pledged not to accept posts in institutions enforcing racial discrimination.
    • US publishers also boycotted books from SA.

    Consumer Boycotts, Disinvestment, and Sanctions

    • Irish refusal to handle SA products to pressure the government to ban them.
    • Multiple US companies imposed boycotts regarding SA products.
    • Disinvestment and divestment began in 1960s, but became crucial in the 1980s.
    • Many conservatives in the US disagreed with disinvestment.
    • Britain sold its Simonstown Naval base.
    • Over 200 US companies cut ties with SA, resulting in a loss of US$1 billion in investment.
    • UN Resolution 1761, in 1962, called for sanctions against SA (however not very successful).
    • OPEC imposed oil embargo against SA in 1973.
    • UN imposed arms embargo against SA in 1977.
    • UN pressure increased with the Soweto Uprising and the death of Steve Biko.

    Release Mandela Campaign & Consequences of International Response

    • Campaign to free Mandela and release political prisoners became crucial to anti-apartheid movement.
    • The release of Mandela was viewed as a litmus test.
    • Pressure from international trade unions, which imposed their own boycotts and influenced their governments to place sanctions on SA.
    • The consequences of international reactions (i.e. divestment and sanctions) put pressure on SA's economy.
    • 500 major companies withdrew investment from SA.
    • Major pressure on the South African government due to boycotts.
    • Sanctions were a cause of the collapse of apartheid, forcing the government to freeze loan repayments. Increased unemployment, particularly among Black citizens, influenced the protests, among others.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the external international resistance and opposition to apartheid in the 1980s. It highlights the role of global movements, sanctions, and campaigns that pressured the South African government and supported liberation efforts. Learn about the impact of these movements and key events during this critical period.

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