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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the pericardial cavity?
Which of the following vessels conveys blood away from the heart?
What is the outermost layer of the heart wall?
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
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Which of the following vessels returns blood to the heart?
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What is the innermost layer of the heart wall?
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Which of the following vessels is not responsible for supplying the heart with oxygenated blood?
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What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart?
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Which of the following statements is true about the path of blood through the heart and lungs?
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What is the main function of the coronary circulation?
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Which of the following valves lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?
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What is the approximate volume of blood in an individual weighing 154 pounds?
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What is the primary function of the lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?
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What percentage of the total blood volume is composed of blood plasma?
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Which of the following is not a function of blood?
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What is the correct pathway of blood from the lungs to the heart?
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What is the term for the fluid that occupies the space between all cells of the body?
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What is the primary function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
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What is the percentage of water in lymph?
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What is the function of the tonsils in the lymphatic system?
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How does the lymph move through the lymphatic system?
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What is the primary function of the white pulp of the spleen?
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy
- The heart is approximately the size of a fist
- Located on the superior surface of the diaphragm, left of the midline, and anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
- Coverings of the heart:
- Pericardium: a double-walled sac around the heart
- Fibrous pericardium: a superficial layer
- Serous pericardium: a deep two-layer layer (parietal and visceral layers)
- Pericardial cavity: a fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral layers
Function of the Pericardium
- Protects and anchors the heart
- Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
- Allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment
Heart Wall
- Epicardium: visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- Myocardium: cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart
- Fibrous skeleton of the heart: a layer of connective tissue
- Endocardium: endothelial layer of the inner surface of the heart
External Heart: Major Vessels
- Vessels returning blood to the heart:
- Superior and inferior venae cavae
- Right and left pulmonary veins
- Vessels conveying blood away from the heart:
- Pulmonary trunk (splits into right and left pulmonary arteries)
- Ascending aorta
External Heart: Vessels that Supply/Drain the Heart
- Arteries: mainly coronary arteries
- Veins: small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins
Atria and Ventricles
- Atria: receiving chambers of the heart
- Blood enters right atria from superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
- Blood enters left atria from pulmonary veins
- Ventricles: discharging chambers of the heart
- Right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary arteries
- Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
- Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle
- Right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs
- Lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium
- Left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle
- Left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta
- Aorta → systemic circulation
Coronary Circulation
- Functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself
Heart Valves
- Ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves: prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
- Semilunar valves: prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
- Aortic semilunar valve: lies between the left ventricle and the aorta
- Pulmonary semilunar valve: lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Blood and Lymph System
- Blood: a fluid consisting of formed elements and plasma
- Produced by bone marrow
- Volume depends on body weight (approximately 5 quarts/liters for a 154-pound individual)
- Functions: transportation of respiratory gases, chemicals, and cells that protect the body from foreign substances
Vascular Tree
- Hierarchical network of arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, veins, and venules
- Characterized by an inner layer of endothelium and an outer layer of basement membrane
Blood Plasma
- Fluid part of the blood (55% of total blood volume)
- Clear or straw-colored
- Composed mostly of water and proteins
Lymph
- Clear, nearly colorless, alkaline fluid
- Occupies the space between all cells of the body (interstitial fluid)
- 95% water
- Seeps in and out through the walls of capillaries
- Mostly fluid from blood plasma
Lymphatic System
- Connected to the circulatory system
- Consists of capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes
- Transports lymph one-way back to the bloodstream
- No pump, but lymph moves via skeletal muscle action, respiratory movement, and contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls
Lymph Nodes
- Filters, slowing down and cleaning the lymph before returning it to the blood
Accessory Organs to the Lymphatic System
- Spleen:
- Removes old red blood cells from the blood supply
- Removes, stores, and produces white blood cells
- Tonsils:
- Filter bacteria and produce white blood cells
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Description
Learn about the anatomy of the heart, its location, and coverings. Understand the structure of the pericardium and its layers.